-Objective: To identify factors relating to depressive symptoms among elderly people with chronic vestibular dysfunction. Method: This was a cross-sectional study in which 120 elderly people with chronic vestibular dysfunction answered the Geriatric Depression Scale questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed (p<0.05 and 95% CI). Results: The patients presented a mean score of 12.86±6.39 points on the Geriatric Depression Scale, and 67 of them (55.8%) scored above the cutoff of 11 points. The predictive model for worsening of depressive symptoms was composed of female gender, memory and concentration disorders, insomnia, hearing disorders, poor sight, nonuse of walking aids and greater emotional impact of dizziness. Conclusion: Greater numbers of depressive symptoms among elderly people with chronic vestibular disease were related to the presence of memory and concentration disorders, insomnia, hearing disorders, very poor sight, greater emotional impact of dizziness, female gender and nonuse of walking aids.Key worDS: risk factors, depression, elderly people, vestibular disease. Fatores relacionados aos sintomas depressivos de idosos com disfunção vestibular crônicaResumo -Objetivo: Identificar os fatores relacionados aos sintomas depressivos de idosos com disfunção vestibular crônica. Método: estudo transversal, em que 120 idosos com disfunção vestibular crônica submeteram-se ao questionário Geriatric Depression Scale. realizou-se análise de regressão linear multivariada (p<0,05 e IC de 95%). Resultados: os pacientes apresentaram média de 12,86±6,39 pontos no GDS, sendo que 67 idosos (55,8%) pontuaram acima da nota de corte 11. o modelo preditivo para piora dos sintomas depressivos foi composto por gênero feminino, distúrbios de memória e da concentração, insônia, hipoacusia, visão péssima, não utilização de dispositivo de auxílio à marcha e maior impacto da tontura no aspecto emocional. Conclusão: o maior número de sintomas depressivos de idosos vestibulopatas crônicos está relacionado à presença de distúrbios de memória e da concentração, insônia, hipoacusia, visão péssima, maior impacto da tontura no aspecto emocional, gênero feminino e não utilização de dispositivo de auxílio à marcha.PALAVrAS-CHAVe: fatores de risco, depressão, idoso, doença vestibular.

Objective: To investigate occurrences of swallowing disorders after ischemic stroke. Method: This was a retrospective study on 596 medical files. The inclusion criterion was that the patients needed to have been hospitalized with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke; the exclusion criteria were the presence of associated cardiac problems and hospital stay already more than 14 days. Results: 50.5% were men and 49.5% women; mean age 65.3 years (SD=±11.7) (p≤0.001). Among the risk factors, 79.4% had hypertension, 36.7% had diabetes (p≤0.001) and 42.7% were smokers. 13.3% of the patients died. Swallowing disorders occurred in 19.6%, among whom 91.5% had mild difficulty and 8.5% had severe difficulty. 87.1% had spontaneous recovery after a mean of 2.4 months. A lesion in the brainstem region occurred in 6.8% (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Swallowing disorders occurred in almost 20% of the population and most of the difficulty in swallowing found was mild. The predictors for swallowing disorders were older age, diabetes mellitus and lesions in the brainstem region.

-Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disease of unknown etiology reported mainly in the Japanese. Most cases occur in children. The disease is rare in non-Oriental adults manifesting itself mostly as intracerebral hemorrhages. We describe MMD in 2 non-Oriental young adults and one adolescent that developed cerebral infarctions. The adults were medicated with aspirin and no medication was given to the adolescent. All patients did not deteriorate in a follow-up period from 1 to 4 years. Although rare, MMD is an important cause of stroke in young individuals and may well be underreported: only 18 patients have been reported till 1997 in Brazil. Neurologists should include MMD in differential diagnosis of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in young adults.KEY WORDS: moyamoya disease, adult, chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disorder, stroke. Doença de Moyamoya: relato de três pacientes brasileirosRESUMO -A doença de moyamoya (DMM) é patologia cerebrovascular oclusiva crônica de etiologia desconhecida, descrita inicialmente em japoneses. A maioria dos casos ocorre em crianças. Relatamos três casos de DMM, dois adultos e um adolescente não-orientais que apresentaram a forma isquêmica da doença, embora adultos apresentem principalmente a forma hemorrágica. Todos foram submetidos a tratamento conservador e acompanhados durante um a quatro anos, sem piora ou recorrência dos déficits neurológicos. A DMM é uma incomum mas importante causa de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, sendo subdiagnosticada em nosso país, onde apenas 18 casos foram descritos até o 1997. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: doença de moyamoya, adulto, doença cerebrovascular, acidente vascular cerebral.

No abstract

2BRESUMO -As crianças portadoras de deficiência visual possuem dificuldades em conhecer seu próprio corpo, objetos a sua volta e parâmetros espaciais imprescindíveis para locomoção independente. Este trabalho analisa o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de um grupo de crianças com deficiência visual congêni-ta em comparação a crianças com visão normal. Avaliamos dois grupos de crianças de sete anos de idade, através do exame neurológico evolutivo (ENE). O grupo estudado era constituído de 20 crianças cegas e o grupo controle constituído de 20 crianças com visão normal, pareadas por idade e sexo. Em algumas provas, as crianças cegas foram instruídas pelo tato. As crianças portadoras de deficiência visual tiveram pior desempenho nas provas que avaliaram o equilíbrio e coordenação apendicular, quando comparadas às crianças com visão normal (p< 0,001), sugerindo que o déficit visual compromete o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor da criança.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: deficiência visual, cegueira, desenvolvimento neurológico, exame neurológico evolutivo. Balance and motor coordination are not fully developed in 7 years old blind childrenABSTRACT -Visually impaired children show difficulties in recognizing their own bodies, objects around then and the spatial parameters that are essential for independent movement. This study analyzes the neuro-psychomotor development of a group of congenitally visually impaired children as compared to children with normal sight. We have evaluated two groups of seven-year-olds by means of neurological evolution examination (NEE). The group studied comprised 20 blind children and the control group comprised 20 children with normal sight, and they were paired up according to age and gender. In some tests, the blind children were guided by touch. The visually impaired children performed worse in tests evaluating balance and appendage coordination compared to normal sighted children (p< 0.001), and this suggests that visual deficiency impairs children's neuro-psychomotor development.

We performed a systematic review of the literature on venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis following cerebral infarct (CI) and haemorrhagic stroke. MED-LINE, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO databases were scanned, and the Abstracts from Brazilian, American and European Neurology and Stroke Congresses were scrutinized for clinical trials. Moreover, the reference lists of articles and reviews were searched. A pooled analysis of two large studies with aspirin was made. Both unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins/heparinoids (LMWH) are partially effective for VTE prophylaxis after CI, and should be routinely used in patients with motor deficit and reduced mobility and no contraindications. Reduction of deep venous thrombosis is better established than the effect over pulmonary embolism or mortality. Some evidence points to a greater efficacy of LMWH. The available evidence does not support the use of mechanical methods or dextran. Aspirin may have a mild protective effect. Low-dose Warfarin might be useful in the rehabilitation setting. Strict recommendations cannot be made in patients with haemorrhagic stroke but intermittent pneumatic compression merits further study. There are important limitations of current VTE preventive strategies following stroke. Additional studies on the combination of methods after CI and of low doses of anticoagulants following cerebral haemorrhage are urgently needed.

-With the advent of time-dependent thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke it has become increasingly important for stroke patients to arrive at the hospital quickly. This study investigated the time that our patients took since the recognition of the symptoms until the stroke diagnosis in a hospital in the city of São Paulo. We concluded that in our hospital medical personnel and paramedics did not consider stroke as a medical emergency before neurological evaluation. Social problems as lack of access to an effective emergency medical service are another important factor that was responsible for patient's delay. Our study was important in order to identify the problems that stroke patients face in our country until the diagnosis is established.KEY WORDS: stroke, time of presentation. T T T T Tempo de chegada do paciente com acidente vascular cerebral no Hospital São P empo de chegada do paciente com acidente vascular cerebral no Hospital São P empo de chegada do paciente com acidente vascular cerebral no Hospital São P empo de chegada do paciente com acidente vascular cerebral no Hospital São P empo de chegada do paciente com acidente vascular cerebral no Hospital São Paulo aulo aulo aulo aulo RESUMO -Com o uso da terapia trombolítica para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquêmico, torna-se importante o tempo de chegada do paciente nos serviços de referência. Neste estudo foi investigado o tempo entre o reconhecimento dos sintomas e o diagnóstico de AVC em hospital universitário na cidade de São Paulo. Concluímos que neste serviço, os profissionais da saúde não consideravam AVC uma emergência antes da avaliação neurológica. Outro fator que contribuiu para o atraso na chegada ao hospital foi dificuldade de transporte aos serviços públicos. Este estudo foi importante para a identificação dos problemas que os pacientes com AVC enfrentam para ter o diagnóstico e tratamento, o que possibilitou implantação de programas para melhora do atendimento.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: acidente vascular cerebral, tempo de ocorrência.

-Spasticity is a determining for functional loss following ischemic stroke. Objective: To detect possible predictive factors for its occurrence. Method: Demographic, clinical and tomographic data on 146 stroke patients were analyzed. Results: Spasticity was noted more frequently among patients who underwent physiotherapy (p<0.0001; OR=19.4; 95% CI: 4.4-84.5), those who underwent such treatment for long periods (p=0.028; OR=4.80; 95% CI: 1.1-8.3) and those with manual work (p=0.041; OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.02-4.6), lower income (p=0.038), pain complaints (p<0.0001; OR=107.0; 95% CI: 13.5-847.3), appearance of pain at the same time as spasticity (p<0.0001), previous vascular disease (p=0.001; OR=4.2; 95% CI: 1.7-10.3), muscle weakness (p<0.0001; OR=91.9; 95% CI: 12.0-699.4), extensive lesions as seen on tomography (p=0.01) and lesions affecting more than one cerebral lobe (p=0.018). Manual work had a relative risk of 2.9; previous stroke 3.9, and extensive lesion 3.6. Conclusion: Spasticity affected 25% of the patients, and was associated with: manual work, previous stroke, extensive lesions, decrease in individual income, underwent physiotherapy, underwent physiotherapy for longer period, pain complaints, the pain started simultaneously with the spasticity, presented changes in strength.KEY WORDS: spasticity, stroke, cerebral infarct, physiotherapy. Fatores preditivos para espasticidade após acidente vascular cerebralResumo -A espasticidade é fator determinante para perda funcional após o acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCI). Objetivo: Detectar possíveis fatores preditivos para a ocorrência da espasticidade. Método: Foram analisados dados demográficos, clínicos e tomográficos de 146 pacientes pós-AVCI. Resultados: Na análise univariada a espasticidade foi notada com maior freqüência em pacientes que realizaram fisioterapia (p<0,0001; OR=19,4; 95% CI: 4,4-84,5), com maior tempo de duração desse tratamento (p=0,028; OR=4,80; 95% CI: 1,1-8,3) e que realizavam trabalho braçal (p=0,041; OR=2,2; 95% CI: 1,02-4,6), renda menor (p=0,038), referência de dor (p<0,0001; OR=107,0; 95% CI: 13,5-847,3) e seu aparecimento simultâneo à espasticidade (p<0,0001), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pregresso (p=0,001; OR=4,2; 95% CI: 1,7-10,3), fraqueza muscular (p<0,0001; OR=91,9; 95% CI: 12,0-699,4), lesão tomográfica extensa (p=0,01) e lesão afetando mais de um lobo cerebral (p=0,018). Na análise de regressão multivariada a atividade braçal apresentou risco relativo de 2,9; acidente vascular cerebral prévio com risco relativo de 3,9 e lesão tomográfica extensa risco relativo de 3,6. Conclusão: A espasticidade afetou um quarto da população estudada e esteve associada ao trabalho braçal, AVC pregresso, lesões tomográficas extensas, diminuição da renda individual, realização de fisioterapia, realização de fisioterapia por um período maior, presença de dor, surgimento da dor simultânea à espasticidade e alteração da força. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: espasticidade, acidente vascular cerebral, infarto cerebral isquêmico, fisioterapia.