O advento de medicamentos antidepressivos tornou a depressão um problema médico, passível de tratamento. Nas últimas cinco décadas, a psicofarmacologia da depressão evoluiu muito e rapidamente. Os primeiros antidepressivos - os antidepressivos tricíclicos (ADTs) e os inibidores da monaminooxidase (IMAOs) - foram descobertos através da observação clínica. Os ADTs apresentavam boa eficácia devido à sua ação, aumentando a disponibilidade de norepinefrina e serotonina. Seu uso foi limitado em função do bloqueio de receptores de histamina, colinérgicos e alfa-adrenérgicos que acarretavam efeitos colaterais levando à baixa tolerabilidade e risco de toxicidade. Da mesma forma, o uso dos IMAOs ficava comprometido em função do risco da interação com tiramina e o risco de crises hipertensivas potencialmente fatais. A nova geração de antidepressivos é constituída por medicamentos que agem em um único neurotransmissor (como os inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina ou de noradrenalina) ou em múltiplos neurotransmissores/receptores, como venlafaxina, bupropion, trazodona, nefazodona e mirtazapina, sem ter como alvo outros sítios receptores cerebrais não relacionados com a depressão (tais como histamina e acetilcolina). Este artigo revisa a farmacologia dos antidepressivos, particularmente quanto ao mecanismo de ação, farmacocinética, efeitos colaterais e interações farmacológicas.
Antidepressant drugs turned depression into a treatable medical problem. In the last five decades, the psychopharmacology of depression has evolved rapidly. Early antidepressants - tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - were discovered through clinical observation. The TCAs exhibited good antidepressant efficacy due to the enhancement in serotonin and norepinephrine availability. Its use was limited because of unwanted side effects and toxicity risk related to the blockade of histaminergic, cholinergic and alfa-adrenergic receptors. MAOIs can interact with tyramine to cause potentially lethal hypertension and present potentially dangerous interactions with various medications and over-the-counter drugs. The new generation of antidepressants includes the single-receptor selective serotonin or norepinephrine inhibitors and the multiple-receptor-acting antidepressants, such as venlafaxine, bupropion, trazodone, nefazodone, and mirtazapine. They do not act on other receptor sites not related to depression (such as histamine or acetilcholine). This paper reviews the pharmacology of antidepressants, including its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects and drug-drug interactions

A b s t r a c tRecently, several studies have focused on comorbity psychiatric disorders with alcohol and other substance dependence. The Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs proposed the Brazilian Guidelines project. This study review diagnostic and therapeutic criteria to the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials, epidemiological, animal studies and other forms of research are reviewed. The main psychiatric comorbidities are studied based on guidelines adopted by other countries and the literature data resumed. Epidemiological aspects, diagnoses, integrated treatment and service organization, as well as specific psychotherapic and pharmacological treatment are discussed. The Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs Guidelines reassures the importance of adequate diagnoses and treatment regarding alcoholic and drug dependent patients suffering of comorbid psychiatric disorders.

The authors review recent studies on benzodiazepine, the most largely used drug for insomnia and anxiety. In this paper are summarized: the development, patterns of use and abuse, mechanism of action, development of differential tolerance to its many effects, and the phenomena of withdrawal and dependence on the benzodiazepines.

Abstract AbstractBipolar disorder is a complex medical condition, and up to the date there is no single treatment with proven efficacy in the control of all aspects of the illness. The available literature on the use of anticonvulsants (valproate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate, clonazepam) and atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole)

In recent years, several studies have been focused on the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with alcohol and other substance dependence. In this context, the Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs initiated a project to establish Brazilian Guidelines. The aim of this study was to review diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials, epidemiological studies, animal testing and other forms of research are reviewed herein. The main psychiatric comorbidities are investigated and data published in the literature are reviewed, based on guidelines adopted by other countries. Epidemiological aspects, diagnostic criteria, integrated treatment and the organization of specialized service, as well as details regarding psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment are discussed. The guidelines of the Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs reinforce the importance of adequate diagnosis and treatment regarding alcoholic and drug dependent patients suffering of comorbid psychiatric disorders.

ResumoO tratamento da depressão bipolar tem sido tema de debate. O uso de antidepressivos, principalmente tricíclicos, nestes pacientes está associado a piores desfechos clínicos. Estudos apontam para uma eficácia limitada de estabilizadores tradicionais como lítio, valproato e carbamazepina no tratamento da depressão bipolar. Em casos de depressão mais grave, há indicativos de que os antidepressivos podem ser úteis, sendo recomendado o uso concomitante de um estabilizador do humor. Novos agentes como a lamotrigina têm sido propostos como efetivos no tratamento da depressão bipolar. Estudos recentes utilizando lamotrigina sugerem a sua eficácia e seguraça no tratamento da depressão bipolar.Palavras-chave: Depressão bipolar, tratamento, antidepressivos. AbstractThe treatment of bipolar depression has been an area of debate. The use of antidepressants, particularly the triciclics, has been associated with worse clinical outcomes. Evidence points to a limited efficacy of traditional mood stabilizers such as lithium, valproate and carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar depression. In cases where depression is more severe, there is evidence that antidepressants may be useful. The use of antidepressants should be in association with a mood stabilizer. New agents such as lamotrigine have been put forward as effective in the treatment of bipolar depression. Recent studies using lamotrigine suggest its efficacy and safety in the treatment of bipolar depression.

Psychodramatic psychotherapy combined with pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder:an open and naturalistic study Psicoterapia psicodramática combinada ao tratamento medicamentoso no transtorno depressivo maior: um estudo aberto e naturalístico A b s t r a c t Objective: Recent literature has highlighted the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Combined therapies comprising both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy have presented the best results. Although several kinds of psychotherapies have been studied in the treatment of depressive disorders, there remains a lack of data on psychodramatic psychotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of psychodramatic psychotherapy (in a sample of major depressive disorder patients. Method: This is an open, naturalistic, controlled, non-randomized study. Twenty major depressive disorder patients (according to the DSM-IV criteria), under pharmacological treatment for depression, with Hamilton Depression Scale total scores between 7 and 20 (mild to moderate depression), were divided into two groups. Patients in the psychotherapeutic group took part in 4 individual and 24 structured psychodramatic group sessions, whilst subjects in the control group did not participate in this psychodramatic psychotherapy. Both groups were evaluated with the Social Adjustment Scale -Self Report and the Hamilton Depression Scale. Results: Psychotherapeutic group patients showed a significant improvement according to the Social Adjustment Scale -Self Report and the Hamilton Depression Scale scores at endpoint, compared to those of the control group. Conclusions: Results suggest that individual and group psychodramatic psychotherapy, associated to pharmacological treatment, provides good clinical benefits in the treatment of major depressive disorder.Keywords: Major depressive disorder; Psychotherapy; Psychodrama; Group practice; Social adjustment Resumo Objetivo: A literatura recente destaca o papel das psicoterapias no tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior. A combinação de psicoterapia e farmacoterapia apresenta os melhores resultados. Vários tipos de psicoterapias têm sido estudados no tratamento dos transtornos depressivos; no entanto, existem poucos dados sobre a psicoterapia psicodramática no tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o impacto da psicoterapia psicodramática em uma amostra de pacientes com transtorno depressivo maior. Método: Este estudo constituiu-se de um ensaio clínico controlado, naturalístico, não-randomizado e aberto. Vinte pacientes com transtorno depressivo maior (de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV), em tratamento farmacológico para depressão, com escores na Escala

These case reports suggest that Electroconvulsive therapy needs further evaluation for the treatment of resistant bipolar patients.