BackgroundThe practice of swimming in "hypogravity" conditions has potential to decrease bone formation because it decreases the time engaged in weight-bearing activities usually observed in the daily activities of adolescents. Therefore, adolescents competing in national levels would be more exposed to these deleterious effects, because they are engaged in long routines of training during most part of the year. To analyze the effect of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) gain among adolescents engaged in national level competitions during a 9-month period.MethodsFifty-five adolescents; the control group contained 29 adolescents and the swimming group was composed of 26 athletes. During the cohort study, BMD, body fat (BF) and fat free mass (FFM) were assessed using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanner. Body weight was measured with an electronic scale, and height was assessed using a stadiometer.ResultsDuring the follow-up, swimmers presented higher gains in FFM (Control 2.35 kg vs. Swimming 5.14 kg; large effect size [eta-squared (ES-r)=0.168]) and BMD-Spine (Swimming 0.087 g/cm2 vs. Control 0.049 g/cm2; large effect size [ES-r=0.167]) compared to control group. Male swimmers gained more FFM (Male 10.63% vs. Female 3.39%) and BMD-Spine (Male 8.47% vs. Female 4.32%) than females. Longer participation in swimming negatively affected gains in upper limbs among males (r=-0.438 [-0.693 to -0.085]), and in spine among females (r=-0.651 [-0.908 to -0.036]).ConclusionsOver a 9-month follow-up, BMD and FFM gains were more evident in male swimmers, while longer engagement in swimming negatively affected BMD gains, independently of sex.
INTRODUCTIONIn recent decades, the prevalence of osteoporosis has significantly increased, impacting in a significant manner on health care costs worldwide. It is estimated that in 2000, about one percent of all retirement-related non-communicable diseases were attributed to osteoporotic fractures 1 . In adolescence, the occurrence of bone fractures is a common event 2,3 , however due to trauma, not osteoporosis. In fact, there are cases of osteoporosis in childhood and adolescence, but the condition is very unusual 4 . About 70% of bone phenotype variance is determined by genetic variants 4 , while the remainder of the variation is explained by factors such as nutrition, physical exercise, and others 2 . In the case of physical exercise, recommendations for improvement in bone health in childhood and adolescence are based on exercises that generate mechanical overload on the bone and are carried out at moderate/vigorous intensity 5 .Accordingly, different sports include these characteristics, such as basketball. Basketball is a collective dynamic sports activity, which includes significant mechanical impact on bones (running, jumping, quick changes of direction, etc.) and is performed predominantly at moderate and vigorous intensity (intermittent feature) 6 . Moreover, although widely practiced throughout the world, there is a shortage of scientific studies identifying the possible beneficial impact on bone growth and development in children and adolescents. The majority of these studies focus on international populations and sports such as soccer, tennis, swimming, and gymnastics 7-10 and therefore very little is known about the adaptations that occur in the skeletons of young people exposed to basketball practice.In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the impact of basketball practice on bone mineral density (BMD) in male adolescents. AbstractIntroduction: In recent decades, the prevalence of osteoporosis has significantly increased, impacting in a significant manner on health care costs worldwide.
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