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RESUMO:Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: identificar as espécies vegetais utilizadas com fins medicinais pela comunidade de Ipameri (Estado de Goiás); investigar as preferências com relação à produção e comercialização dessas plantas; e diagnosticar o perfil de gênero e as faixas etárias e salariais de seus usuários. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas com 200 famílias da cidade e coletadas as plantas visando-se a sua correta identificação. O material foi herborizado, identificado e depositado no Herbário da Universidade Estadual de Goiás (HUEG). Das 200 famílias entrevistadas, 75 disseram não fazer uso de plantas com fins medicinais (37,5%), enquanto 125 afirmaram fazê-lo (62,5%). O grupo que utiliza relacionou 35 espécies mais empregadas: hortelã-rasteira (Mentha x villosa L.), boldo-setedores (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews.), capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.),). Todas as famílias consumidoras (100%) afirmaram preferir as plantas cultivadas de forma orgânica, selecionando-as através da boa aparência (68% das famílias) e consumindo-as in natura (sem beneficiamento, 100%). A utilização de plantas medicinais em Ipameri é independente do sexo (54%, mulheres e 46%, homens) e se estende às várias faixas etárias e também sócio-econômicas, configurando-se assim, um bom mercado consumidor. Palavras chaves: etnobotânica, plantas medicinais, policultivo ABSTRACT: Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Ipameri City -Goiás State.The aims of this study were: to identify the plant species used for medicinal purposes by the community at Ipameri (Goiás State); to investigate the preferences with respect to the production and marketing of these plants; and to diagnose the gender profile and the age and wage ranges of users. Thus, structured interviews were conducted with 200 families in the city and plants were collected for their correct identification. The material was herborized, identified and deposited in the Herbarium of "Universidade Estadual de Goiás" (HUEG). Of the 200 families interviewed, 75 said they did not make use of plants for medicinal purposes (37.5%), while 125 said they do use them (62.5%). The latter group reported the 35 most used species: "hortelã-rasteira" (Mentha x villosa L.), "boldo-sete-dores" (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews.), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.), "quebra-pedra" (Phyllanthus niruri L.), chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), guaco (Mikania glomerata Spreng.), mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides L.), clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.), wormwood (Artemisia canphorata Vill.), balm (Eysenhardtia platycarpa Mich.), broom (Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), aloe (Aloe vera L.) and mallow (Althaea officinalis L.). All consumer families (100%) stated to prefer plants grown organically, to select the plants based on their good appearance (68% families) and to eat them in natura (unprocessed, 100%). The use of medicinal plants in Ipameri is independent of gender (54% womem a...

SUMMARY Responses of net photosynthetic rates to temperature, irradiance, pH/inorganic carbon and diurnal rhythm were analyzed in 15 populations of eight freshwater red algal species in culture and natural conditions. Photosynthetic rates were determined by oxygen concentration using the light and dark bottles technique. Parameters derived from the photosynthesis–irradiance curves indicated adaptation to low irradiance for all freshwater red algae tested, confirming that they tend to occur under low light regimes. Some degree of photo‐inhibition (β= ‐0.33–0.01 mg O2 g−1 DW h−1 (μmol photons m−2 s−1)−1) was found for all species/populations analyzed, whereas light compensation points (Ic) were very low (≤ 2 μmol photons m‐ photons s−1) for most algae tested. Saturation points were low for all algae tested (Ik = 6–54 μmol photons m−2 s−1; Is = 20–170 umol photons m−2 s−1). Rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration responded to the variation in temperature. Optimum temperature values for net photosynthesis were variable among species and populations so that best performances were observed under distinct temperature conditions (10, 15, 20 or 25°C). Rates of dark respiration exhibited an increasing trend with temperature, with highest values under 20–25°C. Results from pH experiments showed best photosynthetic performances under pH 8.5 or 6.5 for all but one species, indicating higher affinity for inorganic carbon as bicarbonate or indistinct use of bicarbonate and free carbon dioxide. Diurnal changes in photosynthetic rates revealed a general pattern for all algae tested, which was characterized by two relatively clear peaks, with some variations around it: a first (higher) during the morning (07.00–11.00 hours.) and a second (lower) in the afternoon (14.00–18.00 hours). Comparative data between the ‘Chantransia’ stage and the respective gametophyte for one Batrachospermum population revealed higher values (ca 2‐times) in the latter, much lower than previously reported. The physiological role of the ‘Chantransia’ stage needs to be better analyzed.

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Forty-five Brazilian populations of freshwater Audouinella were analysed using multivariate morphometrics. These populations were statistically related to seven type specimens. Five species are recognised on the basis of qualitative (plant colour and size, basal system type and branch angle) and quantitative (length and diameter of vegetative cells and monosporangia) characters. A. hermannii (syn. A. violacea) is characterised by a reddish colour, an irregular prostrate basal system, open branch angles (~ 25 °) and small monosporangia (G 15 #m in diameter). A. macroepora (syn. A. chalybea var. brasiliensis) is distinguished from the other Brazilian species by having a bluish colour, a basal system composed of well-developed rhizoids, narrow branch angles ( < 25°) and large monosporangia (~ 15 #m in diameter). A. meiospora is microscopic and has a reddish colour, a basal system composed of creeping filaments, narrow branch angles and small monosporangia. A. pygmaea (syn. A. leibleinii) is characterised by being bluish, having an irregular prostrate basal system, narrow branch angles and small monosporangia. A. tend& is distinct from the other species by having a reddish colour, an irregular prostrate basal system, open branch angles, small monosporangia and small vegetative cells (G 6 #m in diameter). An identification key and revised descriptions and synonyms are presented for the five species. A. meiospora and A, tenella are reported for the first time for Brazil. A. macrospora and A. pygmaea were the most widespread species and occurred in tropical and subtropical regions. A. meiospora was found at two sites in a tropical rainforest region, whereas A. hermannii and A. tenella were found at only one site. Selected physical and chemical environmental data (temperature, specific conductance, current velocity, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen) are presented for most species.

SUMMARY The responses of relative growth rate (% day‐1) and pigment content (chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin) to temperature, irradiance and photoperiod were analyzed in culture in seven freshwater red algae: Audouinella hermannii (Roth) Duby, Audouinella pygmaea (Kützing) Weber‐van Bosse, Batrachospermum ambiguum Montagne, Batrachospermum delicatulum (Skuja) Necchi et Entwisle,‘Chantransia’ stages of B. delicatulum and Batrachospermum macrosporum Montagne and Compsopogon coeruleus (C. Agardh) Montagne. Experimental conditions included temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25°C and low and high irradiances (65 and 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1, respectively). Long and short day lengths (16:8 and 8:16 LD cycles) were also applied at the two irradiances. Growth effects of temperature and irradiance were evident in most algae tested, and there were significant interactions among treatments. Most freshwater red algae had the best growth under low irradiance, confirming the preference of freshwater red algae for low light regimens. In general there was highest growth rate in long days and low irradiance. Growth optima in relation to temperature were species‐specific and also varied between low and high irradiances for the same alga. The most significant differences in pigment content were related to temperature, whereas few significant differences could be attributed to variation in irradiance and photoperiod or interactions among the three parameters. The responses were species‐specific and also differed for pigments in distinct temperatures, irradiances and photoperiods in the same alga. Phycocyanin was generally more concentrated than phycoerythrin and phycobiliproteins were more concentrated than chlorophyll a. The highest total pigment contents were found in two species typical of shaded habitats: A. hermannii and C. coeruleus. The expected inverse relationship of pigment with irradiance was observed only in C. coeruleus. In general, the most favorable conditions for growth were not coincident with those with highest pigment contents.