We report experimental and theoretical evidence of the existence of extreme value events in the form of scarce and randomly emerging giant pulses in the femtosecond (self-pulsing or Kerr-lens mode-locked) Ti:sapphire laser. This laser displays complex dynamical behavior, including deterministic chaos, in two different regimes. The extreme value pulses are observed in the chaotic state of only one of these two regimes. The observations agree with the predictions of a well-tested theoretical model that does not include noise or self-Q-switching into its framework. This implies that, in this laser, the extreme effects have a nontrivial dynamical origin. The Ti:sapphire laser is hence revealed as a new and convenient system for the study of these effects.
In Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) experiments, the record of the time of detection of each single photon ("time stamping") provides much more information than the usual record of coincidence rates. It is a preferable technique for several reasons, and it can be realized with accessible means nowadays. As an illustration of its capacities, we show that a certain class of non-ergodic (local realistic) models that violates the Bell's inequalities, even in ideally perfect setups, is disproved from the examination of time stamped files. This class of models, which has remained untested until now, exploits the finite size of the time window defining the coincidences, and it cannot be disproved by measuring coincidence rates. We use not only our own experimental data, but also the data obtained in the Innsbruck experiment with random variable analyzers.
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