Summary• Environmental, developmental and genetic factors affect variation in wood properties at the chemical, anatomical and physical levels. Here, the phenotypic variation observed along the tree stem was explored and the hypothesis tested that this variation could be the result of the differential expression of genes/proteins during wood formation.• Differentiating xylem samples of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) were collected from the top (crown wood, CW) to the bottom (base wood, BW) of adult trees. These samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and analytical pyrolysis. Two main groups of samples, corresponding to CW and BW, could be distinguished from cell wall chemical composition.• A genomic approach, combining large-scale production of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), gene expression profiling and quantitative proteomics analysis, allowed identification of 262 unigenes (out of 3512) and 231 proteins (out of 1372 spots) that were differentially expressed along the stem.• A good relationship was found between functional categories from transcriptomic and proteomic data. A good fit between the molecular mechanisms involved in CW-BW formation and these two types of wood phenotypic differences was also observed. This work provides a list of candidate genes for wood properties that will be tested in forward genetics.
The chilean strawberry displays high fruit quality and tolerance to abiotic and biotic factors. Additionally, this species has a rich cultural history going back for at least several thousand years in association with aboriginal people activities and continues at a reduced level today. After its introduction to Europe during the 18th century, it formed an interspecific hybrid to become the maternal species of the commercial strawberry, Fragaria ×ananassa Duch. The objectives of the current investigation were to determine the level and patterns of partitioning of intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) diversity. ISSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity in 216 accessions of F. chiloensis, which represented the two botanical forms present in Chile [F. chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. chiloensis and F. chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. patagonica (L.) Duch.]. Our results showed high genetic diversity at the species level [polymorphic ISSR loci (P) = 89.6%, gene diversity (h) = 0.24 ± 0.17, Shannon's index (S) = 0.37 ± 0.24] and a lower genetic diversity in f. chiloensis than f. patagonica. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed a moderate genetic differentiation among accessions (φst = 14.9%). No geographic patterns for ISSR diversity were observed. AMOVA, structure, and discriminant analysis indicated that accessions tend to group by botanical form. The impact of domestication on the genetic structure of chilean strawberry and its application to breeding and conservation are discussed.
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