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Globally, more than 60% of the human population live without safely managed sanitation services or even lack access to basic sanitation facilities. In addition, most of the wastewater produced in the world is discharged without proper treatment. Integrated approaches are needed to address these issues and curb the resulting adverse impacts on public health and the environment, and associated societal economic losses. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides an important framework towards more sustainable sanitation development, in terms of both safe sanitation access and wastewater management. Innovative solutions that treat and enable productive safe use of water, and facilitate recovery of nutrients and organic matter from waste resources are booming. Some examples of trends are decentralized solutions, separation of waste flows, low-or no-flushing toilets, and converting faecal sludge to energy. These alternative technologies show huge potential to address many development challenges, contributing to multiple sustainable development goals but achieving upscaling has proved to be a major challenge. A paradigm shift to 'treatment for reuse' instead of 'treatment for disposal' is already taking place in the wastewater sector. Nevertheless, a better understanding of driving forces and enabling environments, new organizational models based on more service-oriented sanitation provision, and highlighting potential multiple societal benefits to attract investments from new sectors are identified areas that need further attention.

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In developing countries, there is often a lack of a comprehensive data set that supports 30 the development of coherent policies on resource recovery from wastewater treatment. 31 This paper aims to contribute to the elaboration of resource recovery projects by 32 providing accurate and updated data from wastewater treatment plants such as those 33 located in the region of the Macrometropolis of Sao Paulo. The authors discuss 34 possibilities of improvement of resource recovery for this illustrative example. 35 Comprehensive analyses were performed based on data from 143 municipal wastewater 36 treatment plants to understand the situation regarding resource recovery implementation 37 in this region. The results show that just 26% of the plants perform at least one resource 38 recovery practice. The predominant resource recovery practice is internal water reuse, 39 and recovery is concentrated more in large plants than in medium and small ones. The 40 sludge is disposed in landfills except for three plants, which perform sludge recycling 41 for compost. Some plant managers reported interest in recovering energy from biogas, 42 in expanding water reuse and in recovering sludge for fertilizer production or for 43 building materials. Several aspects that have been regarded as relevant to the 44 implementation of resource recovery processes in previous literature are discussed, such 45 as the size of the plant, related legislation as well as treatment technologies and 46 configurations. Finally, the authors propose a generic framework with several steps that 47 can help to achieve resource recovery implementation. Therefore, the results can 48 provide support for planning of resource recovery projects for large cities in developing 49 countries.

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RESUMOO enraizamento de estacas de carqueja pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores internos e externos à planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do substrato, da posição da estaca na planta e do sexo da planta matriz no enraizamento de estacas de carqueja (Baccharis trimera Less. DC.). Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento, as estacas foram coletadas em julho de 2001 em Tijucas do Sul, Paraná, de plantas em crescimento vegetativo sem distinção do sexo. As estacas foram coletadas das posições basais, medianas e apicais da planta e acondicionadas em diferentes misturas de solo, vermiculita e vermicomposto nas seguintes proporções em volume: somente solo; solo + vermiculita (1:1); solo + vermicomposto (1:1) e solo + vermiculita + vermicomposto (1:1:1). No segundo experimento as estacas foram coletadas em maio de 2005 em São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, das posições basais e apicais de plantas masculinas e femininas. A avaliação dos experimentos foi realizada pelo percentual de estacas enraizadas e pela massa seca de raízes e brotações. Concluiu-se que o enraizamento de estacas de carqueja oriundas de Tijucas do Sul é elevado (94,5%) e não é influenciado pelo tipo de substrato e pela posição da estaca na planta matriz. O vermicomposto é indicado para uso como condicionador de substrato para a estaquia de carqueja por incrementar o crescimento vegetativo. Estacas basais de plantas femininas coletadas em São José dos Pinhais apresentaram maior qualidade de enraizamento em relação a estacas enraizadas e massa de raízes produzida.Palavras-chave: estaquia; planta medicinal; propagação vegetativa. ABSTRACTThe rooting of Baccharis trimera cuttings is influenced by several internal and external factors. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the substrate, the stem position and the sex of the plant in the rooting of B. trimera cuttings. The work was realized in two stages in a greenhouse. The first research was realized with vegetative cuttings collected on July, 2001, in Tijucas do Sul, Paraná, Brazil, and the sex of the plant was not identified. The rooting of three original positions of cuttings in the plant (basal, middle and apical) were analysed in differents substrates prepared by the mixture of soil, vermiculite and worm compost in the following proportions (v:v): only soil; soil + vermiculite (1:1); soil + worm compost (1:1) and soil + vermiculite + worm compost (1:1:1). The second research was realized with basal and apical cuttings in the reprodutive stage collected on May, 2005, in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. The evaluations were done by the rooting percentage and the dry mass of roots and sprouts. The cuttings of Baccharis trimera collected in Tijucas do Sul presented high rooting percentage (94,5%) and it was not influenced by the type of substrate and the original cutting position in the plant. The worm compost is indicated to be used like a substrate conditioner to the B. trimera propagation by cuttings because the ...