In and evaginations of 2D cell sheets are major shape generating processes in animal development. They result from directed movement and intercalation of polarized cells associated with cell shape changes. Work on several bilaterian model organisms has emphasized the role of noncanonical Wnt signaling in cell polarization and movement. However, the molecular processes responsible for generating tissue and body shape in ancestral, prebilaterian animals are unknown. We show that noncanonical Wnt signaling acts in mass tissue movements during bud and tentacle evagination and regeneration in the cnidarian polyp Hydra. The wnt5, wnt8, frizzled2 ( fz2), and dishevelled-expressing cell clusters define the positions, where bud and tentacle evaginations are initiated; wnt8, fz2, and dishevelled remain up-regulated in those epithelial cells, undergoing cell shape changes during the entire evagination process. Downstream of wnt and dsh expression, JNK activity is required for the evagination process. Multiple ectopic wnt5, wnt8, fz2, and dishevelled-expressing centers and the subsequent evagination of ectopic tentacles are induced throughout the body column by activation of Wnt/␤-Catenin signaling. Our results indicate that integration of axial patterning and tissue morphogenesis by the coordinated action of canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways was crucial for the evolution of eumetazoan body plans.cnidaria ͉ convergent extension ͉ morphogenesis ͉ actin ͉ JNK

Hydra is a classic and simple model for pattern formation and regeneration research. More recently, it has also been promoted as a model to study ancestral stem cell biology. Three independent cell lineages form the body of the polyp and exhibit characteristics of stem cell systems. In order to define differences in stemness between the ectodermal and endodermal epitheliomuscular cell lineages and the interstitial cell lineage, we compare cellular properties and decision making. We argue that these three lineages are expected to show substantial variation in their stemness-related gene regulatory networks. Finally, we discuss Wnt signalling pathways and Myc oncoproteins, which are beginning to offer a perspective on how proliferation and differentiation might be regulated.

Mechanisms of programmed cell death differ between animals, plants and fungi. In animals, apoptotic cell death depends on caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins. These protein families are only found in multicellular animals, including cnidarians, insects and mammals. In contrast, members of the TMBIM-family of transmembrane proteins are conserved across all eukaryotes. Sequence comparisons of cell death related proteins between phyla indicate strong conservation of the genes involved. However, often it is not known whether this is paralleled by conservation of function. Here we present the first study to support an anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 like proteins in the cnidarian Hydra within a physiological context. We used transgenic Hydra expressing GFP-tagged HyBcl-2-like 4 protein in epithelial cells. The protein was localised to mitochondria and able to protect Hydra epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by either the PI(3) kinase inhibitor wortmannin or by starvation. Moreover, we identified members of the TMBIM-family in Hydra including HyBax -Inhibitor-1, HyLifeguard-1a and -1b and HyLifeguard 4. Expressing these TMBIMfamily members in Hydra and human HEK cells, we found HyBax-inhibitor-1 protein localised to ER-membranes and HyLifeguard-family members localised to the plasma membrane and Golgivesicles. Moreover, HyBax-inhibitor-1 protected human cells from camptothecin induced apoptosis. This work illustrates that the investigated Bcl-2-and TMBIM-family members represent evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial, ER, Golgi and plasma membrane proteins with anti-apoptotic functions. The participation of ER and Golgi proteins in the regulation of programmed cell death might be a very ancient feature.

Background: Mechanisms of programmed cell death differ considerably between animals,