Evidence shows that selective attention to visual stimuli modulates the gain of cochlear responses, probably through auditory-cortex descending pathways. At the cerebral cortex level, amplitude and phase changes of neural oscillations have been proposed as a correlate of selective attention. However, whether sensory receptors are also influenced by the oscillatory network during attention tasks remains unknown. Here, we searched for oscillatory attention-related activity at the cochlear receptor level in humans. We used an alternating visual/auditory selective attention task and measured electroencephalographic activity simultaneously to distortion product otoacoustic emissions (a measure of cochlear receptor-cell activity). In order to search for cochlear oscillatory activity, the otoacoustic emission signal, was included as an additional channel in the electroencephalogram analyses. This method allowed us to evaluate dynamic changes in cochlear oscillations within the same range of frequencies (1–35 Hz) in which cognitive effects are commonly observed in electroencephalogram works. We found the presence of low frequency (<10 Hz) brain and cochlear amplifier oscillations during selective attention to visual and auditory stimuli. Notably, switching between auditory and visual attention modulates the amplitude and the temporal order of brain and inner ear oscillations. These results extend the role of the oscillatory activity network during cognition in neural systems to the receptor level.
21 Evidence shows that selective attention to visual stimuli modulates the gain of 22 cochlear responses, probably through auditory-cortex descending pathways. At the cerebral 23 cortex level, amplitude and phase changes of neural oscillations have been proposed as a 24 correlate of selective attention. However, whether sensory receptors are also influenced by 25 the oscillatory network during attention tasks remains unknown. Here, we searched for 26 oscillatory attention-related activity at the cochlear receptor in humans. We used an 27 alternating visual/auditory selective attention task and measured electroencephalographic 28 activity simultaneously to distortion product otoacoustic emissions (a measure of cochlear 29 receptor-cell activity). In order to search for cochlear oscillatory activity, the otoacoustic 30 emission signal, was included as an additional channel in the electroencephalogram 31 analyses. This method allowed us to study dynamic changes of cochlear oscillations in the 32 same range of frequencies (1-35 Hz) in which cognitive effects are commonly observed in 33 electroencephalogram works. We found the presence of low frequency (<10 Hz) brain and 34 cochlear amplifier oscillations during periods of selective attention to visual and auditory 35 stimuli. Notably, switching between auditory and visual attention modulates the amplitude 36 and the temporal order of brain and inner ear oscillations. These results extend the role of 37 the oscillatory activity network during cognition in neural systems to the receptor level.38
Introduction The COVID- 19 pandemic discontinued sexual and reproductive health care in Chile and the world. The national focus on hospital care led primary care teams to respond in natural and diverse ways. Understanding the factors involved in this process may improve future responses from the judgment of good practices. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and systematize sexual and reproductive health initiatives raised by primary care teams in response to the COVID- 19 pandemic in Chile. Methods We systematically evaluated initiatives and practices in sexual and reproductive health in prima-ry care between June 2020 and November 2021. This study was developed in three methodological phases: a review of documents, a collection of experiences through an electronic instrument sent to the 29 health services in Chile, and in-depth interviews. According to best practice criteria, mapping and characterizing the initiatives and critical discourse analysis of narratives and interviews were carried out. Results Forty-one initiatives from 19 health services were identified, mainly from the South Central macro zone and urban areas. In these areas, care was recognized. These practices were relevant, aligned with their objectives, rapidly implemented, and used novel strategies through new technologies. However, these initiatives had little intercultural relevance or evaluation. Perceived success was related to motivation, leadership, and institutional and community resilience. The adaptability of initiatives emerged as a new need and criterion of analysis. Conclusion The lessons learned from these initiatives invite us to consider health care teams' mental health, their relationship with the community, the use of new technologies, the evaluation of practices considering satisfaction, cross- cutting approaches, and their adaptability. In all, these aspects may improve primary care response in sexual and reproductive health to new crises.
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