Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been widely studied for technological and biomedical applications due to its small size and the possibility of functionalizing the surface with intended molecules. Magnetite is the most used phase because of superparamagnetic characteristic, and it is synthesized by co-precipitation, starting from ferrous and ferric ions in alkaline media. However, depending on parameters of chemical reactions, such as molar ratio between iron and hydroxyl groups, stirring rate, and temperature, different iron oxide structures are formed through distinct pathways. Since several variables can affect the size, chemical composition, and crystalline structure of iron oxide nanoparticles during the synthesis, it is very important to apply experimental routines with a well-defined protocol and planning practical steps can significantly improve the quality of products. Plackett-Burman methodology from design of experiments is a filtration analysis, used in the initial stages of a process to investigate the main effects of factors over a characteristic of the final material. In this work, Plackett-Burman technique was employed in order to optimize bare iron oxide nanoparticle production by co-precipitation method, relating the different crystalline phases produced to the experimental routine. Dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry were used to characterize the samples.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have some limitations in the physiological environment, however, a modification on their surface, such as a core–shell structure with gold (SPIONs@Au), can enhance their applicability. In this study, SPIONs were synthesized by the chemical coprecipitation method, stabilized by sodium citrate, and followed by the gold-coating process. SPIONs@Au were functionalized with EGF-α-lipoic acid and chlorin e6 (Ce6)-cysteamine complexes, composing a Theranostic Nanoprobe (TP). The outcomes showed that the SPIONs@Au had changed in color to red and had an absorption band centered at 530 nm. The coating was verified in the TEM micrographs in bright and dark fields by EDS mapping, which indicated the presence of Au and Fe. The Ce6-cysteamine complex had a resonant band at 670 nm that enabled the diagnosis of biological samples using fluorescence analysis. In the measure of TNBC cell uptake, the maximum value of TP fluorescence intensity was obtained within 4 h of internalization. At 2 h, the incorporation of the TP in the cytoplasm as well as in the nuclei was observed, suggesting that it could be employed as a diagnostic marker. The PTT results showed significant percentages of apoptosis in the TNBC cell line, which confirms the efficacy of the TP.
As nanopartículas de óxido de ferro (IONPs) representam uma classe de nanomateriais magnéticos e biocompatíveis que têm sido amplamente utilizados em pesquisas e aplicações médicas, como estudos de hipertermia, como agentes de contraste para ressonância magnética, biossensores, entre outros. Entretanto, sua aplicação depende de fatores como, morfologia, tamanho e propriedade de superfície estejam ajustados. As IONPs podem ser obtidas por diferentes métodos de síntese, no entanto, a coprecipitação química representa uma rota de síntese mais simples, fácil e rápida, na qual soluções aquosas de precursores contendo íons ferro (Fe3+) e ferroso (Fe2+) são alcalinizadas sob controle de temperatura e pH. Este estudo propõe sintetizar nanopartículas de óxido de ferro pelo método de coprecipitação química e estabilizá-las com citrato de sódio (IONPs-CIT) e hidróxido de tetrametilamônio (IONPs-TMAOH). Além disso, caracterizar o diâmetro hidrodinâmico e o Potencial Zeta das amostras por espalhamento dinâmico da luz. A citotoxicidade das IONPs-CIT na linhagem celular MDA-MB-468 foi avaliada através da análise da atividade mitocondrial.
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