Humans appear to have an inherent prosocial tendency toward one another in that we often take pleasure in seeing others succeed. This fact is almost certainly exploited by game shows, yet why watching others win elicits a pleasurable vicarious rewarding feeling in the absence of personal economic gain is unclear. One explanation is that game shows use contestants who have similarities to the viewing population, thereby kindling kin-motivated responses (for example, prosocial behavior). Using a game show-inspired paradigm, we show that the interactions between the ventral striatum and anterior cingulate cortex subserve the modulation of vicarious reward by similarity, respectively. Our results support studies showing that similarity acts as a proximate neurobiological mechanism where prosocial behavior extends to unrelated strangers.

Theories proposing that how one thinks and feels is influenced by feedback from the body remain controversial. A central but untested prediction of many of these proposals is that how well individuals can perceive subtle bodily changes (interoception) determines the strength of the relationship between bodily reactions and cognitive-affective processing. In Study 1, we demonstrated that the more accurately participants could track their heartbeat, the stronger the observed link between their heart rate reactions and their subjective arousal (but not valence) ratings of emotional images. In Study 2, we found that increasing interoception ability either helped or hindered adaptive intuitive decision making, depending on whether the anticipatory bodily signals generated favored advantageous or disadvantageous choices. These findings identify both the generation and the perception of bodily responses as pivotal sources of variability in emotion experience and intuition, and offer strong supporting evidence for bodily feedback theories, suggesting that cognitive-affective processing does in significant part relate to "following the heart."

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Fungemia is associated with a high mortality rate. We compared the performance of the Mycosis IC/F selective fungal medium and the Plus Aerobic/F standard bacteriological medium for the diagnosis of fungemia on the Bactec 9240 automatic system. We retrospectively analyzed 550 blood culture pairs composed of one Mycosis IC/F vial and one Plus Aerobic/F vial, drawn in 187 patients with fungemia. The positivity rate by vial was significantly higher on Mycosis IC/F medium than on Plus Aerobic/F medium (88.0% versus 74.9%, P < 0.0001). The positivity rate for fungus detection on Plus Aerobic/F medium fell to 26.9% when bacteria were present in the same vial. The positivity rate by patient was also significantly higher on Mycosis IC/F medium than on Plus Aerobic/F medium (92.5% versus 75.9%, P < 0.0001). A marked superiority of Mycosis IC/F medium was demonstrated for diagnosis of Candida glabrata fungemia (31 of 31, 100%, versus 18 of 31, 58.1%, P < 0.0001). The mean detection time was significantly shorter on Mycosis IC/F medium than on Plus Aerobic/F medium (28.9 ؎ 22.2 h versus 36.5 ؎ 24.6 h, P < 0.0001). The mean time saving was 8.8 h for Candida albicans and 43.7 h for C. glabrata. Mycosis IC/F medium enabled more sensitive and earlier diagnosis, particularly for the two strains most frequently responsible for fungemia, C. albicans and C. glabrata, and also in the event of the concomitant presence of both yeasts and bacteria. In patients with risk factors, it would thus appear to be sensible to draw a Mycosis IC/F vial in addition to the standard bacteriological vials.

This article investigates the meaning of doing good and doing well in positive business. It examines the relationship between the two expressions and discusses their relevance, shedding new light on the significance of ‘positive’ in positive business and positive organizational scholarship (POS). Thus, this article illuminates the ultimate end of positive states and practices. ‘Positive’ primarily represents values and assumptions. These lead to the creation of beneficial situations and marked improvements, which put individuals and organizations on an upward trajectory toward achieving excellent functioning, assuring profitability in addition to sustainability and social well‐being. Doing well, with reference to economic performance and profits, is partly constitutive of doing good. This presents a new approach regarding the role of economic outcomes in positive business and POS. It means that financial criteria do not have priority. Profits are considered vital and necessary, but the final ‘raison d'être’ of positive states and practices is the overall well‐being of the stakeholders.

We study a biologically motivated model of overdamped, autochemotactic Brownian agents with concentration-dependent chemotactic sensitivity. The agents in our model move stochastically and produce a chemical ligand at their current position. The ligand concentration obeys a reaction-diffusion equation and acts as a chemoattractant for the agents, which bias their motion towards higher concentrations of the dynamically altered chemical field. We explore the impact of concentration-dependent response to chemoattractant gradients on large-scale pattern formation, by deriving a coarse-grained macroscopic description of the individual-based model, and compare the conditions for emergence of inhomogeneous solutions for different variants of the chemotactic sensitivity. We focus primarily on the so-called receptor-law sensitivity, which models a nonlinear decrease of chemotactic sensitivity with increasing ligand concentration. Our results reveal qualitative differences between the receptor law, the constant chemotactic response, and the so-called log law, with respect to stability of the homogeneous solution, as well as the emergence of different patterns (labyrinthine structures, clusters, and bubbles) via spinodal decomposition or nucleation. We discuss two limiting cases, where the model can be reduced to the dynamics of single species: (I) the agent density governed by a density-dependent effective diffusion coefficient and (II) the ligand field with an effective bistable, time-dependent reaction rate. In the end, we turn to single clusters of agents, studying domain growth and determining mean characteristics of the stationary inhomogeneous state. Analytical results are confirmed and extended by large-scale GPU simulations of the individual based model.

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Virtuous leadership is crucial for advancing leadership ethics. By comparing Positive Leadership and its notion of virtuousness with neo‐Aristotelian leadership based on virtue, this article sheds light on this research field. We expound on the differences and commonalities between the two and present possibilities of how they can enrich each other and further ethical leadership theory. Our findings concern the purported Aristotelian roots of virtuousness, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the positive and the neo‐Aristotelian approaches, and the interplay between technical skills and ethical excellence in leadership. We propose the adoption of practical managerial tools and procedures from Positive Leadership, making them dependent upon the virtues to achieve flourishing within organizations and society at large. © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.