JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Linguistic Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Language. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Thu, 4 Dec 2014 05:15:52 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 312 REVIEWS Essai comparatif sur le vocabulaire et la phon6tique du chamito-s6mitique. By MARCEL COHEN. (Bibliothbque de I'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, publi6e sous les auspices du Ministbre de l'Education Nationale: Sciences Historiques et Philologiques, Vol. 291.) Pp. xi + 248. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honor6 Champion, 1947.On the question whether Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic are genetically related, Marcel Cohen takes a positive stand. He has expressed it in his numerous articles on the subject and in his stimulating teaching at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes of Paris. The question is not a new one. Starting as early as the end of the 18th century, it was the preoccupation of specialists in the different language families constituting the Hamito-Semitic group. The most important study in the initial stage of Hamito-Semitic, or more exactly of Semito-Egyptian comparisons, is the work by the Indo-Europeanist Theodor Benfey, tber das Verhailtniss der Agyptischen Sprache zum semitischen Sprachstamm, Professional Semitists and Egyptologists, including Erman, Sethe, Ember, and Albright, made important contributions to the subject, partly in the domain of the morphology but mainly in that of the vocabulary. Through the contributions of the Egyptologist and Cushitist Reinisch, the Cushitic languages were introduced into the field of Hamito-Semitic comparisons; others, among them Zyhlarz, worked mainly in the domain of Berber and Egyptian. Thus, thanks to the studies both of Hamito-Semitists and of specialists in each particular language family, the genetic relation between Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic is well established; it is this group of languages that is now called Hamito-Semitic. There is complete agreement concerning the term 'Semitic', but this is not the case for the term 'Hamitic'. The question arises whether Hamitic is a single entity with definite characteristics as opposed to Semitic, or is a conventional term given to all the non-Semitic languages of the Hamito-Semitic group.If so, Hamito-Semitic would consist of four independent groups: (1) Semitic, (2) Egyptian, (3) Berber, (4) Cushitic. The answers to this question differ, as might be expected. Thus, Brockelmann, Gibt es einen hamitischen Sprachstamm?, Anthropos 27.797-818 (1932), answers in the negative, whereas Zyhlarz thinks that there is a Hamitic group. In the present state of our knowledge it is safer to assume, with Marcel Cohen, that Hamito-Semi...
A história da escrita, etapa e fator da história da humanidade, que oscila entre o econômico e o estético e tem sempre caráter social, é extremamente complexa . Não é possível seguí-la simplesmente no decurso do tempo, porque começou várias vêzes e em mais de um lugar.Pode fixar-se, talvez, em quinhentos mil anos a antigüidade da presença de homens providos já de ferramentas, armas e utensílios intencionalmente adaptados ou fabricados, ferramentas de pedra que ainda hoje é possível encontrar, ou utensílios que não se conservaram por serem fabricados com matérias vegetais: cordas, recipientes, etc .Aquêles sêres, resultado de bem longa e lenta evolução de uns homínidas desprovidos de tôda indústria, quer dizer, sem as faculdades mentais correspondentes, evoluíram de maneira muito lenta, em fases que em grande parte desconhecemos.Sómente numa época relativamente próxima da nossa -supõe-se que há, no máximo, quarenta mil anos -encontramos o homem atual (caracterizado pelo valor de seu cérebro), não só provido de ferramentas relativamente variadas e aperfeiçoadas, mas capaz, pelo menos quanto a certas populações, de talhar, modelar e pintar representações de sêres vivos numa forma que, .ainda hoje, nos suscita um prazer estético . Não parece, pois, duvidoso, que os homens dêsse tempo já unissem o útil ao agradável. Acredita-se que para êles a utilidade consistia em produzir representações, em determinadas condições, e em se servir delas de maneira adeqüada (conjuração, atos de imposição de mãos e de transfixação) a fim de lograr abundância e êxi-to na caça. O prazer devia consistir na própria fabricação e na sua contemplação, à luz fuliginosa das cavernas . Deve-se pensar, além disso, que não se tratava sõmente de arte plástica: ao lado de seu valor má-gico, em certos objetos de uso diário apareciam traços de ornamentação, e as pessoas usavam jóias. Existiam pequenas construções feitas
La bibliographie (groupée dans Bibliography of child language par Werner F. Leopold, Evanston 1952, parue pendant l'impression du présent article) est à compléter au moyen des périodiques psychologiques et pédagogiques. Certains des plus récents manuels de psychologie sont cités ici : Manual of Child psychology edited by Leonard Carmichael, New-York Londres, 1946. Chapitre 10 : Language development in children, p. 476-581 (bibliographie à partir de p. 568), par Dorothea Me Carthy, qui a publié d'autre part des observations sur le langage enfantin. (Traduction française, t. II, 1952).
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