Stigmatization is important in the daily lives of those with rosacea and should be taken into consideration in the management of these patients.

a b s t r a c tThis research examined the effect of a brief training procedure for enhancing responding to questions about witnessed events. The training was based in research on metacognition and memory, and emphasized: attending to questions, searching for multiple responses, and weighing confidence in and considering the source of responses. In the main study, adult participants viewed a video of a burglary and after a 25 min delay half received the training. All participants were then asked answerable and unanswerable questions about the video. The training resulted in fewer errors and more rejections to unanswerable questions. Analysis of response diagnosticity indicated that responses made by the trained group were more likely to be correct responses to answerable questions. A second study showed that these findings were not due to awareness of the presence of unanswerable questions. The procedure has potential as a supplement when questioning is pursued.

No abstract

CompAQ and CompAQ-SF are instruments intended to evaluate QoL in patients with acne on their face or torso. The former is a 21-item QoL intended for research, while the latter is intended for clinical practice.

Background Acne can adversely impact those affected in multiple dimensions. The purpose of this study was to determine the most prominent impacts identified by acne patients and by clinicians. Methods Independent Delphi surveys for acne patients and clinicians were conducted to achieve consensus regarding acne impacts within each group. Acne patients were recruited from outpatient clinics of authors (AL, JT, and DT). The first phase involved qualitative responses, where emergent themes were identified and used to generate items for 2 subsequent phases. Results The qualitative phase generated 64 items in 3 themes: psychological, sociological, and treatment related. These items were independently ranked in importance by patients and by clinicians. Consensus for importance was achieved for 34 items by patients and 43 by clinicians. Patient-identified highest ranked items were being self-conscious, feeling unattractive, feeling uncomfortable in own skin, unattractive to others, would not want pictures taken, envious of people with clear skin, and time/effort spent concealing scarring; while clinicians identified feeling unattractive. Conclusions We identify acne impacts within psychological, sociological, and treatment-related domains by acne patients and clinicians. Further, we establish discrepancies between patients and clinicians regarding the impact of acne. This provides evidence for the importance of establishing patient-reported outcomes.

This paper reports the results of a multi-stage effort to develop a measure of Academic Entitlement. An empirical/rational approach was taken to develop items and reduce the item set for a final version of the Academic Entitlement Scale (AES). The measure includes seven dimensions: Accommodation, Reward for Effort, Responsibility Avoidance, Grade Haggling, Customer Orientation, Customer Service Expectations, and General Academic Entitlement. Fit, using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, for the seven-factor correlated model and a bifactor model including General AE and the six specific factors, was good. The full measure is reported along with descriptive statistics for the scale and preliminary validation evidence.

Researchers have noted that restorative justice (RJ) practices in schools seem to improve targeted outcomes (e.g., decreased office visits, increased grades, etc.). It has been acknowledged that a 'grass roots' (beliefs level) buy-in from teachers is necessary for the creation of a school environment that is in line with the ideals of RJ. In the current study, an operational definition for restorative justice ideology was developed and used as the basis for the creation of a Restorative Justice Ideology (RJI) measurement instrument. This is intended to facilitate understandings of the influence that RJ training has on individuals at the beliefs level, and whether the degree to which an individual holds an RJI is associated with the degree to which RJ practices are carried out at the classroom and school level. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, a three-factor model was selected, and the instrument was tested for reliability and validity. The RJI was then used to investigate whether other individual differences were related to the RJI of teachers. The outcome of this study was the development of a psychometrically sound RJI instrument. Perspective-taking, empathic concern, pupil control ideology, personal distress, and self-efficacy were identified as important characteristics of RJI.

Patients increasingly use social media to communicate about medical conditions. We aimed to examine the utility and feasibility of using social media to study the burden of eczema from the patient and family perspective. Specifically, we sought novel aspects of burden of disease using an unsolicited crowdsourcing approach. Using the listening and analytics platform of a social media intelligence company (Brandwatch-Brighton, UK), we searched all Englishlanguage mentions of AD and eczema, including content from Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and forums, in January and July 2015 in the US. The software platform identified posts authored by patients, relatives, friends or healthcare providers (HCP). Posts were manually screened to verify authorship and exclude advertisements and posts originating from fake accounts. Word clouds were generated to identify words and phrases commonly associated with eczema. In total, 79,029 posts were identified by the platform as being related to eczema. Of these, 57% (45,613 posts) were from January 2015 and 43% (33,669 posts) were from July 2015, suggesting a possible seasonality related to worsening of eczema in winter. There were 3,633 posts in January and 2,696 in July identified by the platform as being authored by patients. After manual screening, there were 4,438 patient-authored posts in the US in January and July combined, representing 6% of the eczema-related posts. Very few posts (27) were by relatives or friends of patients, and even fewer by HCPs (4). Most sentiments were negative and several patient-authored posts offered genuine and illustrative insight into the experience of living with eczema. One theme that emerged was anticipation of eczema flares (31 posts in January, 27 in July). This study demonstrates the potential of social media to provide insight into the patient experience of skin disease. Further studies analyzing data over longer periods of time and examining the concept of flare anticipation as a potential source of anxiety are warranted.