Abstract-The large share of energy consumption in telecommunication networks is expected to shift from access networks to core networks. Estimating the power consumption of core networks is not easy, as they vary a lot in size and topology. Using an exemplary but realistic core network, we estimate its power consumption for both a link-by-link grooming and an optical end-to-end grooming scenario. We show that optical endto-end grooming consumes about half the power of the alternative scenario.
Introducing a WDM dimension on the top of a TDM PON system is a natural evolution to increase the capacity of the network, but this can also offer additional flexibility options. Different WDM/TDM PON flavours are compared to each other in terms of flexibility at the remote node and/or the ONU side. The considered architectures are then evaluated from a techno-economic point of view for a 10G technology, taking into account reasonable target costs for the optical components. In general the increased flexibility at the remote nodes has shown to have a limited influence on the cost, which opens good perspectives for more advanced WDM/TDM PON technologies. However, adding full flexibility in the optical layer at the ONU side will be too costly in the coming years, as the cost-per-user can be doubled or even more, compared to a fully "static" solution.
This work concerns studies related to strategic development of products in which bio-based plastics are or will be applied, referred to as bio-based products. The studies cover (1) current and potential benefits of bio-based products in extended value chains including activities after end-of-life of products, (2) value communication between stakeholders in extended value chains, and (3) creating an integrated development approach for optimized bio-based products. Most existing models for value chains were found to be one-way single-flow models to which iterations and interactions have been added to obtain realistic representations of best practices. Interviews of thirteen professionals clarified some barriers between the current implementation of bio-based plastics and the ideal sustainable value chain fulfilment. The most noticeable barriers included trustful information sharing, information and knowledge gaps, sub-optimum application of bio-based plastics, and the need for facilitating product design. The main designers' needs are increased integrated literacy related to bio-based materials, eco-effectiveness and a more effective communication competence in value chains. Based on all findings, six approaches of design tasks integration into value chains have been proposed. These approaches encourage designers to think and act widely across value chains and particularly help implement life cycle thinking to achieve profitable sustainability.
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