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Both methods provide excellent oncologic results. In the ITT population, NSS seems to be significantly less effective than RN in terms of OS. However, in the targeted population of RCC patients, the trend in favour of RN is no longer significant. The small number of progressions and deaths from renal cancer cannot explain any possible OS differences between treatment types.

Prebiopsy MR imaging combined with transrectal US-guided TB increases biopsy performance in detecting PCa, especially clinically significant PCa. No significant difference was observed between TB-FUS and TB-COG for TB guidance.

The International Bladder Cancer Group has developed formal recommendations regarding definitions, end points, and clinical trial designs for NMIBC to encourage uniformity among studies in this disease.

• Prostate cancer volume, Gleason score, architecture and location are MRI predictors of detection. • Field strength and coils used do not influence the tumour detection rate. • Multiparametric MRI is accurate for detecting aggressive tumours. • A subjective suspicion score can stratify the risk of malignancy and tumour aggressiveness.

Complete transurethral bladder tumor resection is recommended for all patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. For low risk disease a single, immediate chemotherapeutic instillation after transurethral bladder tumor resection is recommended. For intermediate or high risk disease there is no significant benefit from an immediate, postoperative chemotherapeutic instillation. For intermediate risk disease intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin with maintenance or intravesical chemotherapy is recommended. For high risk disease bacillus Calmette-Guérin induction plus maintenance is recommended. The appropriate management of recurrence depends on the patient level of risk as well as previous treatment, while the management of treatment failure depends on the type of failure as well as the level of risk for recurrence and disease progression.

Excellent cancer control and outcomes can be achieved with NSS in carefully selected patients with tumours >4 cm. Expanding the size indication of elective NSS results in an increased but acceptable morbidity.