Nonlinear Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategies for very flexible aircraft are presented. They are underpinned by a nonlinear reduced-order model built upon the structure's natural modes of vibration. This internal model aims for a minimal realisation of the aircraft which retains sufficient information to enable efficient real-time estimation and control. It is based on a modal intrinsic description of geometrically-nonlinear beams and a linearised unsteady vortex lattice aerodynamic model. Numerical evidence has shown that models of this form are able to capture the main nonlinear geometrical couplings at a very low computational cost. This opens the door to MHE and MPC strategies, which are naturally more computationally demanding than other linear conventional strategies, but are more versatile and able to provide control in the usually neglected nonlinear regime. The proposed control framework is tested on models built in an in-house open-source nonlinear aeroelasticity simulation and analysis package, to emulate the controller performance on a realistic plant model. Very satisfactory results are obtained in a flutter suppression problem involving a very flexible clamped wing, where the nonlinearity of the problem is leveraged by the internal model to achieve stabilisation, and a payload drop control of a very flexible HALE aircraft.

A nonlinear modal-based reduced-order model, equipped with an efficient adjoint-sensitivity analysis, is presented as a low computational cost framework for optimal control of very flexible structures, with particular focus on efficiently computing finite rotations. Multiple shooting is shown to improve convergence of a highly nonlinear problem when compared to the single shooting case, with optimisation further accelerated via parallelisation, which suggests the presented approach may be employed for real-time control of very flexible structures.

Modal-based, nonlinear Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategies for highly flexible aeroelastic systems are presented. The aeroelastic model is built from a 1D intrinsic (based on strains and velocities) description of geometrically-nonlinear beams and an unsteady Vortex Lattice aerodynamic model. Construction of a nonlinear modalbased reduced order model of the aeroelastic system, employing a state-space realisation of the linearised aerodynamics around an arbitrary equilibrium point, allows us to capture the main nonlinear geometrical couplings at a very low computational cost. Embedding this model in both MHE and MPC strategies, which solve the system's continuous-time adjoints efficiently to compute sensitivities, lays the foundations for real-time estimation and control of highly flexible aeroelastic systems.

In this paper a novel NMPC scheme is derived, which is tailored to the underlying structure of the intrinsic description of geometrically exact nonlinear beams (in which velocities and strains are primary variables). This is an important class of PDE models whose behaviour is fundamental to the performance of flexible structural systems (e.g., wind turbines, High-Altitude Long-Endurance aircraft). Furthermore, this class contains the much-studied Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models, but has significant additional complexity (to capture 3D effects and arbitrarily large displacements) and requires explicit computation of rotations in the PDE dynamics to account for orientation-dependent forces such as gravity. A challenge presented by this formulation is that uncontrollable modes necessarily appear in any finite dimensional approximation to the PDE dynamics. We show, however, that an NMPC scheme can be constructed in which the error introduced by the uncontrollable modes can be explicitly controlled. Furthermore, in challenging numerical examples exhibiting considerable deformation and nonlinear effects, it is demonstrated that the asymptotic error can be made insignificant (from a practical perspective) using our NMPC scheme and excellent performance is obtained even when applied to a highly resolved numerical simulation of the PDEs. We also present a generalisation of Kelvin-Voigt damping to the intrinsic description of geometrically-exact beams. Finally, special emphasis is placed on constructing a framework suitable for real-time NMPC control, where the particular structure of the underlying PDEs is exploited to obtain both efficient finitedimensional models and numerical schemes.

Modal-based, nonlinear Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategies for very flexible aeroelastic systems are presented. They are underpinned by an aeroelastic model built from a 1D intrinsic (based on strains and velocities) description of geometrically-nonlinear beams and an unsteady Vortex Lattice aerodynamic model. Construction of a nonlinear, modal-based, reduced order model of the aeroelastic system, employing a state-space realisation of the linearised aerodynamics around an arbitrary reference point, allows us to capture the main nonlinear geometrical couplings at a very low computational cost.

A data-driven strategy is developed to improve the internal models used for predictive control in nonlinear aeroelastic applications. A nonlinear modal formulation of the structure is retained, while an identified quadratic model for both the gravitational forces and the aerodynamics are obtained from a least-squares fit with LASSO regularisation from simulated flights. This is first seen to improve the accuracy of the resulting reduced-order model for openloop predictions on both gust response and a payload drop problem. Its superior performance as internal model for nonlinear control and estimation is finally demonstrated numerically.

Strain-rate based damping is investigated in the strong form of the intrinsic equations of three-dimensional geometrically exact beams. We use a generalisation of Kelvin-Voigt damping, often limited in the literature to linear or two-dimensional beam models, to the threedimensional case, including rigid-body motions. The result is an elegant infinite-dimensional

No abstract