[1] We measured the hyporheic residence time distribution in a 2nd-order mountain stream at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, and found it to be a power-law over at least 1.5 orders of magnitude in time (1.5 hr to 3.5 d). The residence time distribution has a very long tail which scales as t À1.28 , and is poorly characterized by an exponential model. Because of the small power-law exponent, efforts to characterize the mean hyporheic residence time (t s ) in this system result in estimates that are scale invariant, increasing with the characteristic advection time within the stream channel (t ad ). The distribution implies the hyporheic zone has a very large range of exchange timescales, with significant quantities of water and solutes stored over timescales very much longer than t ad . The hyporheic zone in such streams may contribute to short-time fractal scaling in time series of solute concentrations observed in small-watershed studies.

Dams have contributed to the decline of migratory fishes by blocking access to historical habitat. The active transport (trap and haul) of migratory fish species above existing dams can sometimes support population recovery when the use of fish ladders or dam removal is infeasible. However, little is known about the efficacy of trap and haul conservation strategies. Here we used genetic parentage assignments to evaluate the efficacy of reintroducing adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) above Cougar Dam on the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon, USA, from 2008 to 2011. We found that mean reproductive success (RS) declined as adults were released later in the spawning season in 2009 and 2010; however, release location did not affect RS. In 2010 and 2011, we tested for RS differences between hatchery and natural origin (HOR and NOR, respectively) adults. HOR males were consistently less fit than NOR males, but little evidence for fitness differences was apparent between HOR and NOR females. Interestingly, the effect of origin on RS was not significant after accounting for variation explained by body length. Our results indicate that release date and location have inconsistent or no effect on the reproductive success of reintroduced adults when active transport strategies are employed for migratory fishes.

The Cerrado biome contains a rich mammal community, with an influence from the Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests, principally observed in the gallery forests. In this paper, through literature review, it is shown that the non-volant mammal community of the gallery forests is distinct from the mammal communities of any other physionomy of the Cerrado. Additionally, the gallery forests contain twice as many species common to the rainforests when compared to all the other physiognomies of the Cerrado combined. The gallery forests appear to provide habitat within the Cerrado for rainforest mammals, increasing the biodiversity of this biome. As such, gallery forests may function as dispersion corridors for these species.Key words: cerrado, dispersion corridors, gallery forests, mammals. RESUMO O papel das matas de galeria na distribuição dos mamíferos do cerradoO bioma dos cerrados contém uma rica comunidade de mamíferos, com influência das matas Amazônica e Atlântica, principalmente observada nas matas de galeria. Neste trabalho, por revisão da literatura, foi demonstrado que a comunidade de mamíferos não voadores das matas de galeria no cerrado é distinta das comunidades de mamíferos de qualquer outro tipo de fisionomia do cerrado. Além disso, as matas de galeria contêm duas vezes mais espécies comuns às matas úmidas que às outras fisionomias do cerrado (sensu latu) reunidas. As matas de galeria parecem fornecer hábitat dentro do cerrado (sensu latu) para mamíferos das matas úmidas, aumentando a biodiversidade deste bioma. Assim, as matas de galeria podem funcionar como corredores de dispersão para estas espécies.Palavras-chave: cerrado, corredores de dispersão, mamíferos, matas de galeria.

It is widely believed that explicit verbatim memory for language is virtually nonexistent except in certain circumstances, for example if participants are warned they are to receive a memory test, if the language is 'interactive' (emotion-laden), or if the texts are exceedingly short and memory is tested immediately. The present experiments revisit the question of verbatim memory for language and demonstrate that participants do reliably recognize and recall full sentences that they are exposed to only once at above chance rates (Experiments 1 and 3). The texts are 300 words long, non-interactive, and no advanced warning of a memory test is given. Verbatim memory is demonstrated even when lexical content and memory for gist are controlled for (Experiments 2 and 4). The most striking finding is one of incidental recall: even after a six-day delay, participants reliably reproduce sentences they have heard before when asked to describe scenes, even though they are not asked to recall what they had heard (Experiment 5).

Dams, utilized for hydroelectric or flood control purposes, obstruct organism dispersal and have contributed to the decline of many migratory fish populations. For threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Willamette River Basin in Oregon, human-assisted reintroductions are being used to facilitate dispersal to historical habitats located above dams. However, little is known about the reproductive outcomes of reintroduced individuals or the efficacy of reintroductions towards the goal of population demographic viability. Using genetic parentage assignments to 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old adult recruits, we estimated the fitness of hatchery and wild Chinook salmon reintroduced above Foster Dam on the South Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River. Our parentage assignments indicated that the fitness of reintroduced salmon was highly variable, with individuals producing a range of 0–40 adult progeny. We also detected a possible trend towards reduced fitness in mate pairs composed of hatchery versus wild salmon. For each of three brood years (2007, 2008, 2009), adult offspring recruitment achieved or exceeded population replacement. We observed the highest cohort replacement rate in 2009, the first year that managers aimed to release wild salmon solely above the dam. Taken together, our results suggest that human-assisted reintroductions of mature adult salmon to historical spawning habitats are a promising method of restoring natural production in populations affected by dams. Moreover, the continued used of wild fish in reintroduction operations may improve population productivity and the prospect of recovery within the South Santiam River.

Dams contribute to declines in fish abundance, in part, by blocking access to historical habitat. When fish ladders are infeasible, fish can be trapped below a dam and transported above to provide access to habitat. However, this conservation strategy has received little attention in the literature, and many questions regarding efficacy remain unanswered. Here, we used a genetic parentage approach to evaluate cohort replacement rate (CRR), defined as the number of future spawners produced by a spawner, for a spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha trap and transport reintroduction program. We used CRRs to determine if the population can sustain itself in the absence of immigration, which is important when assessing demographic viability. We also evaluated the effects of release locations and dates on the fitness of reintroduced fish. Counts of adult offspring per spawner were used to estimate fitness of salmon reintroduced in 2007 and 2008. We found that fitness decreased slightly as adults were released later in the spawning season in 2007, but not in 2008. Release location did not affect fitness in either year. We also found a seasonal decline in the likelihood that a Chinook salmon collected at the trap and transport facility was produced above the dam. Finally, 2007 and 2008 CRRs were both well below one, indicating that improvements are needed to achieve demographic stability. We demonstrate that genetic monitoring of a reintroduction program helped to inform demographic viability assessments, and suggest that our approach may be broadly applicable to other philopatric species.

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In the SENSE trial, first-line treatment with 400 mg of etravirine once daily plus two nucleoside analogues led to fewer grade 3 or 4 lipid elevations compared with efavirenz plus two nucleoside analogues.