Improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are significant in preventing diarrhea morbidity and mortality caused by protozoa in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the intimate and complex relationships between the different WASH components, it is often necessary to improve not just one but all of these components to have sustainable results. The objective of this paper was to review the current state of WASH-related health problems caused by parasitic protozoa by: giving an overview and classification of protozoa and their effect on people’s health, discussing different ways to improve accessibility to safe drinking water, sanitation services and personal hygiene behavior; and suggesting an institutional approach to ensure improved WASH. The findings indicate that Giardia and Cryptosporidium are more often identified during waterborne or water-washed outbreaks and they are less sensitive than most of the bacteria and viruses to conventional drinking water and wastewater treatment methods. There are various institutions of control and prevention of water-related diseases caused by protozoa in developed countries. Unfortunately, the developing regions do not have comparable systems. Consequently, the institutional and systems approach to WASH is necessary in these countries.
Rural water supplies have traditionally been overshadowed by urban ones. That must now change, as the Sustainable Development Goals calls for water for all. The objective of the paper is to assess the current access to and the perceived water quality in villages with various types of water supply. The survey was carried out during July–December 2017 in four villages in central Kazakhstan. Overall, 1369 randomly selected households were interviewed. The results revealed that even though villagers were provided with tap water, significant numbers used alternative sources. There were three reasons for this situation: residents’ doubts regarding the tap water quality; use of other sources out of habit; and availability of cheaper or free sources. Another problem concerned the volume of water consumption, which dropped sharply with decreased quality or inconvenience of sources used by households. Moreover, people gave a poor estimate to the quality and reliability of water from wells, open sources and tankered water. The paper suggests that as well decentralization of water management as monitoring of both water supply and water use are essential measures. There must be a tailor-made approach to each village for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of providing rural Kazakhstan with safe water.
The results of comparative studies of the long-term ef ect (dynamics) of polymetallic dust containing 0.6% copper in the shops of Balkhash mining and metallurgical combine on the liver of rats are presented. These data on the action of dust with a predominant copper content of 0.6% give reason to assert that in the liver for 30 days there were changes in the structure, which were ref ected by metabolic rearrangements and are characterized as a failure of adaptation. The phenomena of hepatitis also took place on day 90, but these changes led to a decrease in the rate of metabolic processes. Microscopic examination showed that long-term exposure to polymetallic dust with a copper concentration of 0.6% in the body leads to signif cant changes in the liver reactive character, followed by transformation into hepatitis portal type. There is an accumulation of copper in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes; on day 90, the number of dust particles in rat hepatocytes increases by 2.25 times compared to 30 days of the experiment. T is can be explained by the inhibition of the phagocytic function of liver macrophages and ways to eliminate dust from the body. The lat er, in turn, leads to functional and metabolic damage to the structural component of the organ. It should be noted that an important role in the neutralization and removal of copper from the cell belongs to lysosomes. T ere is an assumption that copper damages lysosomal membranes and stimulates the release of enzymes from lysosomes due to a decrease in the number of mitochondria in the cell or inhibition of their enzymes. Thus, the ef ects of polymetallic dust with a copper concentration of 0.6% in the body in the early stages leads to changes in the liver, in the form of reactive hepatitis with subsequent transformation into portal-type hepatitis. The use of alimentary corrections slows down the development of post-necrotic f brosis in the liver, and there was a signif cant decrease in the volume fraction of f brotic liver tissue.
Introduction. The relevant direction of studying the physical development of children and adolescents is the study of the dynamics of changes anthropometric indices from generation to generation. Systematic monitoring of regular indices in different regions is necessary. Material and methods. A one-step study of anthropometric indices of 2990 healthy boys of East Kazakhstan aged from 6 to 17 years was carried out in 2016. Children were clustered into age groups and ethnicity according to the principles of anthropology. The research of anthropometric indices was performed according to generally accepted methods in the morning. The chest circumference was measured during the pause period. The values of anthropometric indices of schoolchildren in 2016 were compared with the values of similar indices of children in 1986. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 was used to statistically process the data. Results. In modern boys of the Kazakh nationality there is a harmonization of growth and weight indices. The maximum weight gain and chest circumference increase occurs at the same time as the “growth jump,” while 1986 schoolchildren had an average annual body weight gain one year late after the start of the rapid growth period. In Russian boys born in 1986 the maximum weight gain is established at 14 years, and in modern children - at the age of 13 years. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the multi-year dynamics of children’s anthropometric indices revealed acceleration trends reliably confirmed by the higher values of these indices in modern boys compared to their 1986 peers.There have been established national characteristics in the physical development of boys.
Introduction. The relevant direction of studying the physical development of children and adolescents is the study of the dynamics of changes anthropometric indices from generation to generation. Systematic monitoring of regular indices in different regions is necessary. Material and methods. A one-step study of anthropometric indices of 2990 healthy boys of East Kazakhstan aged from 6 to 17 years was carried out in 2016. Children were clustered into age groups and ethnicity according to the principles of anthropology. The research of anthropometric indices was performed according to generally accepted methods in the morning. The chest circumference was measured during the pause period. The values of anthropometric indices of schoolchildren in 2016 were compared with the values of similar indices of children in 1986. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 was used to statistically process the data. Results. In modern boys of the Kazakh nationality there is a harmonization of growth and weight indices. The maximum weight gain and chest circumference increase occurs at the same time as the “growth jump,” while 1986 schoolchildren had an average annual body weight gain one year late after the start of the rapid growth period. In Russian boys born in 1986 the maximum weight gain is established at 14 years, and in modern children - at the age of 13 years. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the multi-year dynamics of children’s anthropometric indices revealed acceleration trends reliably confirmed by the higher values of these indices in modern boys compared to their 1986 peers.There have been established national characteristics in the physical development of boys.
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