Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) use both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and the abundance and diversity of odonates should be good indicators of habitat integrity. To determine which environmental variables affect odonates, we sampled adult dragonflies three times at 12 sites in Pickens and Greenville Counties, SC, USA, in different habitats, at different spatial scales, across a landscape gradient from intact forest to urban locations. At each site, we established two 2 m × 20 m plots along the shoreline of each aquatic habitat. We sampled dragonflies in ten 2 m × 2 m subplots/plot, described the vegetation and substrate in these subplots and adjacent aquatic subplots, and measured the percent cover of different landforms within 500 m of each plot center. Using nested ANOVA and Akaike information criteria models, habitat type and correlating environmental variables (substrate type and bank vegetation) were the best predictors of community structure at all spatial scales. Streams and rivers had fewer individuals and species than lakes, and had a nested subset of species found in lake communities. Landscape elements were also important, with indices declining as barren land and grasslands increased. At the largest scale, anthropogenic changes to the landscape had mixed effects. Small habitats isolated in urban areas had a significantly depauperate, nested subset of species found in communities inhabiting larger natural areas. However, odonate abundance and diversity was highest at human-made lakes and ponds, suggesting that these anthropogenic features help maintain odonate communities.