Background: Asia is on track to become the region with the most elderly people in the world. The elderly population will reach 922.7 million by the middle of this century. Therefore, they will be cared for by the today's youth. Negative attitudes toward older people can make adolescents more uncomfortable relating to them.Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate validity and reliability of Kogan's attitude toward old people among nursing students in Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.Methods: Content validation of the 34-item Kogan's attitude toward old people was examined by three geriatric nursing experts. The reliability was evaluated on 600 nursing students, from nursing colleges in Thailand (200), Myanmar (200), and Indonesia (200).Findings: The attitude scores towards the elderly ranged from 34 to 238. All of the 34 items were found to have significant item-to-total correlations (p< .05). The reliability results were as follows:In Thailand, Cronbach's alpha was .70 for the total scale, .72 for the positive scale, and .68 for the negative scale. In Myanmar, Cronbach's alpha was .68 for the total scale, .65 for the positive scale, and .66 for the negative scale. In Indonesia, Cronbach's alpha was .66 for the total scale, .71 for the positive scale, and .72 for the negative scale.Conclusions: These findings suggest that Kogan's attitude toward old people is reliable and valid for nursing students from Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. However, Kogan's attitude toward old people should be revised by these countries, including changing wording on all items for better reliability. The revised version must then be tested for reliability and validity.
There are four major uncertainty components to be considered when performing mass comparisons. They are uncertainties of weighing process, reference weight used, air buoyancy, and mass comparator. The systematic effect of air buoyancy can be greatly reduced if the air density and the densities of the test and reference weights are known. This paper will emphasis on the uncertainty due to air buoyancy correction only. To calculate the uncertainty of air density correction, partial derivatives of temperature, barometric pressure and humidity must be performed. In this paper, two methods for partial differentiation of air density components are discussed.
<p class="Abstract">In the gravimetric volume measurement method, the factor <em>Z</em> is generally used to facilitate an easy conversion from the apparent mass obtained using a balance to the liquid volume. The uncertainty of the measurement used for the liquid volume can be divided into two specific contributions: one from the components related to the mass measurements and one from those related to the mass-to-volume conversion. However, some ISO standards and calibration guides have suggested that the uncertainty due to the factor <em>Z</em> is generally neglected in the uncertainty calculation pertaining to gravimetric volume measurement. This paper describes the combined effects of the density of the water, the density of the reference weights, and the air buoyancy on the uncertainty of factor <em>Z</em> in terms of how they subsequently affect the uncertainty of the measurement results.</p>
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