The
responses of trace elements and secondary metabolites to stress
can reflect plant adaptation to the environment. If and how the imperative
trace element Fe and the defensive secondary metabolite 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) mediate
the toxicity of chiral herbicides to nontarget plants remains inconclusive.
We found that the herbicidal-active imazethapyr enantiomer [(R)-IM] stimulated heme oxygenase-1 activity, triggered the
release of the catalytic product Fe2+, increased reactive
oxygen species production, decreased the DIMBOA content, and increased
the DIMBOA–Fe content. XAFS analyses and in vitro Fenton assays demonstrated that DIMBOA could relieve phytotoxicity
by chelating excessive Fe3+ to restore Fe homeostasis.
The free radical scavenging ability of the chelate of DIMBOA and Fe
was also involved. This work refines the dual role of DIMBOA and Fe
in mediating the enantioselective phytotoxicity of chiral herbicides,
which provides a new direction for improving the herbicide resistance
of crops.
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