The paper analyses the productivity of marketing cooperatives incorporating environmental inputs/outputs. In the European agriculture, expectations for attaining sustainable and competitive agriculture rely to a great extent on the cooperative sector's ability to adapt to new market conditions. These challenges have led marketing cooperatives in the fruit and vegetables sector to consider improvements in productivity and sound environmental performance. The study analyses the total factor productivity related to environmental variables in this sector using a parametric-stochastic approach and panel data on Spanish cooperatives over the period 1994-2002. Additionally, the determinants of environmental productivity are examined econometrically. The estimates obtained show an increase in efficiency for the period under study and a relationship between productivity changes and management factors, such as labour quality, capital intensity and environmental spillover. Copyright 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Recent studies have focused on how exports affect environmental performance or vice versa, while others have concentrated on the productivity of export-oriented firms. The objective of the present paper is to provide a simultaneous analysis on the aforementioned relationships. The approach followed is a composite equation model in which export performance and productivity components, including an environmental indicator, are endogenously determined, taking as reference exporting firms of the food industry in Southeast Spain, for the period 1994-2006. The results show positive interactions among export intensity, firm efficiency, and environmental productivity, also suggesting that the consideration of endogeneity may enhance the findings of analyses on these issues.
Desétudes récentes se sont concentrées sur les effets des exportations sur la performance environnementale ou vice-versa, tandis que d'autres se sont concentrées sur la productivité des entreprises a vocation exportatrice. Le présent article viseà fournir une analyse simultanée des liens précités.Nous avons utilisé un modèleàéquations multiples dans lequel leséléments liésà la performance des exportations età la productivité, y compris un indicateur environnemental, sont déterminés de façon endogène, en prenant comme référence des entreprises agroalimentairesà vocation exportatrice situées dans le sud-est de l'Espagne, durant la période de 1994à 2006. Les résultats montrent des interactions positives entre l'intensité des exportations, l'efficacité des entreprises et la productivité environnementale, ce qui autoriseà penser que l'endogénéité pourrait améliorer les résultats des analyses sur ces points.
Vaccination coverage in our health district was higher than that found by other studies and matched the figures stated in the programme record system. Raising awareness of the usefulness of vaccination is a strategy to be assessed in relation to increased coverage. We could not show that active phone recruitment affects vaccination at all.
Tratamiento ortodóncico de una clase III ósea con grave compromiso de espacio y diversos problemas dentarios asociados Orthodontic treatment of a skeletal class III with great lack of space and several associated dental problems
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