This research used four consecutive waves of data from the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), to estimate linear time trends by gender in the prevalence of school and electronic bullying victimization among U.S. high school students (N = 61,042). Dependent variables were student self-reported school bullying victimization and electronic bullying victimization during the previous 12 months. Independent variables used to estimate multiple logistic regression models by gender were survey year, race/ethnicity, and grade level. Results showed the prevalence of school bullying increased significantly among females from 2009 (21.2%) to 2015 (24.8%), linear trend OR = 1.08 [1.04, 1.12]; and decreased significantly among males from 2009 (18.7%) to 2015 (15.8%), linear trend OR = 0.93 [0.89, 0.98]. Prevalence of electronic bullying was unchanged between 2011 to 2015 among both male and female students. Asian race, relative to White race, was associated with significantly lower rates of both school and electronic bullying victimization among females, but not males. The incidence of school and electronic bullying victimization was significantly lower among Black and Hispanic students, but not among multiple-race students, regardless of student gender. Healthy People 2020 set a goal to reduce school bullying victimization 10% by 2019. As of 2015, school bullying victimization decreased significantly among males (16% decrease); it significantly increased among females (17% increase). Future research should explore underlying factors related to these divergent trends, and develop effective strategies to reverse the alarming rise in female school bullying victimization.
Serotonin (5-HT) and proctolin, neurohormones widely distributed in the lobster nervous system, have been implicated in a variety of behaviors and also are known to coexist in large pairs of identified neurons in the fifth thoracic (T5) and first abdominal ganglia (A1) of adults (Siwicki, Beltz, and Kravitz, 1987). Earlier studies also have shown that these paired neurons already contain 5-HT in embryos approximately halfway through development, whereas proctolin immunoreactivity does not appear in these cells until near the time of hatching (Beltz and Kravitz, 1987a). In the current studies, the brain and ventral nerve cord have been screened for the appearance of serotonin and proctolin immunoreactivities using immunocytochemical and biochemical methods, in order to determine whether the late appearance of proctolin in the paired T5 and A1 cells is a general feature of development in other neurons as well. In embryos approximately halfway through development, the adult complement of 5-HT-staining cells is already present. In several cases, embryonic serotonin cells are proportionally very large and prominent, suggesting possible developmental roles. In contrast to serotonin, fewer than 10% of the proctolin-staining neurons of juvenile animals are seen in embryos halfway through development. The number of immunoreactive cells gradually increases, but even by the sixth larval stage only half the number of cells that will eventually stain for proctolin are observed. Therefore, the developmental appearance of proctolin in lobster neurons, assayed using immunocytochemical methods, is relatively late and protracted compared to the appearance of serotonin. Quantitative measurements for 5-HT in lobster larvae were performed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with dual electrochemical detection and for proctolin using radioimmunoassay. A gradual, probably growth-related increase in the amounts of serotonin and proctolin were seen during larval development. The implications of the biochemical data, in light of the immunocytochemical studies, are discussed.
Venous thromboembolic disease (VTED) is a rare complication following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR). The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American College of Chest Physicians have no prophylaxis guidelines specific to shoulder arthroscopy, yet many surgeons prescribe aspirin following RCR. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aspirin and mechanical prophylaxis compared with mechanical prophylaxis alone in preventing VTED following RCR. A total of 914 patients underwent RCR between January 2010 and January 2015. A retrospective case-control study was performed. The control group (n=484) consisted of patients treated with compression boots and early mobilization. The study group (n=430) used compression boots, early mobilization, and 81 mg/d of aspirin. The primary outcome was symptomatic VTED, including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). A total of 7 VTED events occurred during the study period: 6 DVTs and 1 PE; 1 patient experienced both DVT and PE. The percentage of patients with VTED, DVT, and PE was 0.66%, 0.66%, and 0.11%, respectively. There was no significant difference for DVT or PE between the 2 groups. The incidence of DVT and PE was 0.62% and 0.00%, respectively, for the control group (no aspirin) and 0.70% and 0.23%, respectively, for the study group (aspirin). Aspirin does not lead to a clinically significant reduction in either DVT or PE rate in patients undergoing RCR. The authors conclude that the use of mechanical prophylaxis and early mobilization is a sufficient method of VTED prophylaxis in this low-risk population. [ Orthopedics . 2019; 42(2):e187–e192.]
Measures of additive interaction are relevant for nursing and population health research. Future research should further explore how and why bullying victimization appears to more profoundly affect female individuals more than male individuals and how to mitigate it.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.