The urban area of Puebla Valley aquifer is seated in Puebla City and neighbor municipalities. Puebla is the fourth largest city in Mexico, where there are significant industrial zones and a large population. Water needs are almost exclusively met by groundwater, which has brought intense exploitation of groundwater resources and water quality degradation. The present study investigates the hydrogeochemical changes in groundwater, particularly focuses on the chemical changes produced by upwelling mineralized water. These concentrations may represent potential risks to the health of the population. The groundwater presented five types of families Ca-HCO 3 , Mg-HCO 3 , Mix-HCO 3 , HCO 3-Ca-SO 4 and Ca-SO 4. The high concentrations of sulphates, calcium and magnesium are reflected in high TDS and Total Hardness. The samples collected showed detectable concentrations of F − , Fe, Mn, Ba, Sr, Cu, Zn, B and Li. The limitations for its use as drinking water are given by the high values of TDS, sulphates, total hardness and Mn. Geochemical modeling using Geochemist's Workbench (GWB) and PHREEQC software enabled the computation of the saturation index of mineral phases with ions in solution and speciation ions. Groundwater was initially in equilibrium with calcite; however, due to the changes in hydrogeological conditions, gypsum and dolomite are being dissolved until new equilibrium conditions are met. The additional calcium and carbonate in the water causes calcite to become oversaturated and to precipitate. Evidence of dedolomitization reactions and common ion effect is illustrated by concurrent increases in calcium and magnesium concentrations in the groundwater.
The San Juan-Taxco River system is situated in the Taxco mining district, which is a well-known international producer of silver, jewelry and precious metal handicrafts. The population and biota in the area have been affected by inappropriate disposal of anthropogenic activities that pollute the hydric resources and threaten their health and sustainability, since the inhabitants use the groundwater and river water for human consumption, domestic water supply and irrigation. This study was conducted to assess the pollution in the river system, human health implications and ecological risk in the aquatic environment (groundwater, surface water and superficial sediment). This evaluation was done on the base of hydrochemical, textural, mineralogical and geochemical analysis supported by calculation of human health risk using chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) with environmental and geochemical indices for ecological risk evaluation. The health risk assessment indicated increasing non-health carcinogenic risk to the exposed population to the river water and dug wells (HI > 1), and thus, these resources are not recommended for human consumption, domestic activities and prolonged ingestion. The results demonstrated a high degree of pollution due to toxic elements and geochemical indices. The Pollution Load Index indicated potential risk that will cause harmful biological effects in the riverine environment.
The spatial and temporal variation of water quality in the urban area of the Puebla Valley aquifer was evaluated using historical and present data obtained during this investigation. The current study assessed water quality based on the Water Quality Index developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME-WQI), which provides a mathematical framework to evaluate the quality of water in combination with a set of conditions representing quality criteria, or limits. This index is flexible regarding the type and number of variables used by the evaluation given that the variables of interest are selected according to the characteristics and objectives of development, conservation and compliance with regulations. The CCME-WQI was calculated using several variables that assess the main use of the wells in the urban area that is public supply, according to criteria for human use and consumption established by Mexican law and international standards proposed by the World Health Organization. The assessment of the index shows a gradual deterioration in the quality of the aquifer over time, as the amount of wells with excellent quality have decreased and those with lower index values (poor quality) have increased throughout the urban area of the Puebla Valley aquifer. The parameters affecting groundwater quality are: total dissolved solids, sulfate, calcium, magnesium and total hardness.
The hydrological system of San Juan-Taxco Rivers in located inside of one of the oldest and major mining district in Mexico. Several communities in the area use the rivers water along its flow for domestic water supply and crop irrigation. Sediment is an essential, integral and dynamic part of river basins, in polluted environments these act as sink of heavy metals and as a source of contaminants on the fluvial system. The management and sustainability of sediment should be assessed and secured to achieve good ecological status of the basins, for this task, approaches as ecological risk identification and geochemical indices are being used.Superficial sediment samples were collected in San Juan-Taxco river system. The results demonstrated that the degree of pollution from thirteen heavy metals and metalloids studied decreases in the following sequence: Cd> Zn > Pb > Cu > As > B > Mn > Ni > Fe > Co > Ba > Al and Cr. Cd made the most dominant contribution. Geochemical indices revealed important external anthropogenic influences in the rivers. The geochemical indices indicated very high enrichment for As, Cu, Pb and Zn, and extremely high for Cd in the three-rivers. The calculation of Pollution Load Index (PLI) showed in Cacalotenago River and in Taxco River are the sites with the highly contaminated sediments. PLI values were very high in all the samples sites due mining tailings erosion, wastewater and agriculture run off. Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and As were the main potential risk elements that will cause harmful biological effects in the riverine environment.
Palabras clave: balance hídrico, caudal ecológico, humedales RESUMENUna de las actividades relevantes para la gestión de recursos hídricos en los últimos años es la consideración del ambiente como un actor principal dentro de la cuenca. Para transitar de la teoría a la práctica en este tema, es necesario establecer un diagnóstico en términos de volumen de agua. Es decir, asociar las condiciones que guarda el ambiente con el volumen de agua existente en la cuenca, además de la que ésta recibe. A partir de tal vinculación es factible establecer un diagnóstico. Este trabajo muestra el caso de la zona conocida como Soconusco en la costa del Estado de Chiapas en el sur de México, lugar donde existen cuatro ríos principales (Cintalapa, Despoblado, Vado Ancho y Huixtla), que drenan la mayor parte del agua que escurre en la cuenca, en primera instancia hacia la reserva de la biósfera (RB) La Encrucijada y posteriormente hacia el Océano Pacífico en interacción con el sistema lagunar que ahí existe. Se realizó un balance del agua subterránea, en el que se estimó el volumen que descarga el acuífero Acapetahua hacia el mar. Posteriormente, también se estimó el volumen escurrido por medio de la precipitación y el resultado se contrastó con el registro hidrométrico existente. En el periodo de estiaje la diferencia entre los dos últimos valores proporciona el volumen que aporta la fuente subterránea, su valor medio anual es aceptablemente cercano (20 % de diferencia) al volumen de drenaje natural obtenido del balance de agua subterránea. Por lo anterior se asume que es el valor mínimo que escurre hacia la RB La Encrucijada (promedio por año) con la información empleada.
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