The sesquiterpene lactone glaucolide B (1), isolated from Vernonia fruticulosa (Asteraceae), was transformed into six lactones (2Ð7). The structures of the products were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. A series of solutions of compounds 1Ð7, at 200 µm, were tested on the germination and on the root and shoot growth of the dicotyledons Physalis ixocarpa and Trifolium alexandrinum and of the monocotyledons Lolium multiflorum and Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Lactone 5 exhibited clear selectivity towards dicotyledonous species at 200 µm, with an average inhibition of 90% on the germination of P. ixocarpa. Lactones 1, 3 and 4 had a greater effect on root length of monocotyledonous species, inhibiting around 70% at 200 µm in L. multiflorum. It seems that the diol function is required in lactones 4Ð6 to increase the activity, the polarity in the molecule might be required to reach its target.
We describe production of methyl and ethyl esters derived from baru oil (Dipteryx alata Vog.). Water and alcohols are removed from the biodiesel obtained by simple distillation. We study the acidity, density, iodine number, viscosity, water content, peroxide number, external appearance, and saponification number of the oil, its methyl and ethyl esters (biodiesels) and their blends (B5, B10, B15, B20, and B30) with commercial diesel fuel.
razão molar > tipo de catalisador > velocidade de rotação > tempo > temperatura. Avaliaram-se, também, as interações estatísticas entre as variáveis e suas correlações com os fatores principais da reação.]]>
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