This paper aims to describe and analyse the decisionmaking process (conclusive and interpretative) in statistics when performing hypothesis tests. The logic of the decision process is presented, as well as the concepts of type I and type II errors, power of the test and effect size. We also make demonstrations of effect size «d» measure. This paper targets two critical situations: results of statistical significance but no real clinical significance, and results without statistical significance but which are due to problems related to the nature of the phenomena, small effect size and small sample size.
Self-care of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: responsibility for disease management Autocuidado dos adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1: responsabilidade no controlo da doença Autocuidado de los adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1: responsabilidad en el control de la enfermedad Marília Costa Flora*; Manuel Gonçalves Henriques Gameiro** Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an increasingly prevalent disease in adolescence. Intervening in self-care is essential for disease management. Objectives: To determine the responsibility of adolescents with T1D for self-care roles, and analyze the relationship between the responsibility of adolescents with T1D for self-care roles and age and gender. Methodology: A descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 51 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years being followed up in district hospitals of the center region of Portugal. A scale on the responsibility for self-care roles was applied. This scale consisted of 15 questions distributed by 4 dimensions: health maintenance; disease management; diagnosis, treatment and medication in T1D; and participation in health services. Results: Most adolescents assume a high responsibility for self-care. Gender has no influence on the overall responsibility. Boys are more responsible in terms of managing insulin administration. Conclusion: Adolescents assume personal responsibility for disease management. The sharing of responsibility with parents or others and the participation in health services are highlighted.
Objective: the present and future well-being of hospitalized newborns and their parents are connected to analyze the application frequency of the central practices of developmental care to premature newborns in Portuguese neonatal care units and to identify their relationship with organizational variables. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study. Using a non-probabilistic network sampling technique, a sample of 217 nurses from Portuguese neonatal units who answered the Quantum Caring Practice Self-Assessment online questionnaire was obtained, previously translated and validated for Portuguese nurses. Results: the results revealed that for 65.4% of nurses, Developmental Care practices are sometimes performed and 14.3% consider that they are rarely performed. Only 18.9% of the nurses in the study consider that these practices are performed frequently. The most frequent practices were those related to the therapeutic environment and prevention of pain and stress. The least frequent was positioning and skin care. The results also showed that the frequency of developmental care practices differs depending on the geographical location of the units and is higher in units with a higher level of treatment differentiation and that have established a specific program/protocol of developmental care. Conclusion: although feasible, Developmental Care practices are not performed consistently in Portuguese neonatal care units. A global change in team culture, more training, implementation of protocols and organizational investment in this area is needed.
Resumo Resumen R E S E A R C H P A P E R ( O R I G I N A L ) (T1DM) is an increasingly prevalent disease in adolescence. Self-management of diabetes is highly important for adolescents to gain autonomy and to reduce associated risks. Objectives: To identify the knowledge of adolescents with T1DM about the disease and respective care; to analyze the relationship between the knowledge of adolescents with T1DM about the disease and respective care and age and gender. Methodology: Descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. The sample was composed of a total of 51 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years being followed-up in diabetes consultations in the center region of Portugal. A knowledge test was applied.Results: Although most adolescents had a good level of overall knowledge about diabetes and in 3 of the 5 dimensions, the study revealed some misconceptions, as well as adolescents with a low level of knowledge. Positive correlations were found between the adolescents' knowledge and age. Conclusion: It is important to correct misconceptions and identify the adolescents with insufficient knowledge so as to provide a more targeted intervention.
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