The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent program for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) carried out by teachers in a classroom context. Dependent measures included neuropsychological tasks, behavioral rating scales for parents and teachers, direct observation of behavior in the classroom, and academic records of children with ADHD. Fifty children with ADHD participated in the study. The teachers of 29 of the 50 students were trained in the use of behavior modification techniques, cognitive behavior strategies, and instructional management strategies. The other 21 students formed the control group. Parents' and teachers'ratings detected improvements in primary symptoms (inattention-disorganization, hyperactivity-impulsivity) and in behavioral difficulties usually associated with ADHD (e.g., antisocial behavior, psychopathological disorders, anxiety). Furthermore, the results showed increased academic scores, enhanced classroom behavioral observations, and improved teachers' knowledge about the strategies directed toward responding to the children's educational needs.
Two line gratings abutting each other with a phase shift of half a cycle elicit the perception of an illusory line running orthogonally between the two sets of grating lines. We found that rating strength increases with increasing number of lines, line length, and phase angle. In contrast, rating strength decreases with increasing spacing of lines, lateral misalignment, rotation of one grating relative to the other, and line width. There is a pronounced oblique effect at 45 deg when the orientation of the abutting gratings is changed from horizontal through diagonal to vertical. Findings are interpreted in terms of a neurophysiological model. We conclude that the end-stopped receptive fields activated by the grating lines are about 6 deg long and 2 deg wide. On the other hand, the "response fields" of the cells, integrating orthogonally across line ends, are assumed to be 5 deg long and less than 1 deg wide. The psychophysical data compare favorably with available neurophysiological data in Area V2 of the macaque suggesting that the perception of illusory contours in human observers may be based on cortical cell properties similar to those found in the monkey.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.