Background Public health experts estimate that only very high COVID-19 vaccine uptake levels can result in herd immunity. Objective This study’s main objective was to evaluate the impact of vaccine price levels, including payments, and the efficacy levels on COVID-19 vaccine demand. Methods Data for this study were collected from an online survey of 2000 US individuals aged 18 years and older, which included a set of contingent valuation questions. Parametric and nonparametric procedures were used to estimate the distribution of willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept values for the vaccine and to assess its association with vaccine efficacy levels (50, 70, and 95%). Results Most of the individuals (60%) indicated they were willing to pay a positive amount for the vaccine; 13.7% said they would only accept the vaccine if it were free; 14.1% were willing to take the vaccine only if they were paid; and 12.2% were not willing to accept the vaccine. The vaccine efficacy level was found to affect an individual’s demand for the vaccine. Estimated mean willingness-to-pay values were: US$594, US$706, and US$723 for vaccines with efficacy levels of 50, 70, and 95%, respectively. Conclusions US individuals highly value the COVID-19 vaccine, and about 88% of the US population would accept the vaccination; however, 14% indicated they would get vaccinated if compensated. Payments of about US$500 or more would be needed to sufficiently incentivize 50% or more of this group vaccinated.
Food security is a multi-dimensional concept that requires multiple indicators to measure it correctly; however, single food security indicators are often used individually or interchangeably. The misinterpretation of individual food security indicators can have important implications for policy design and implementation. The general objective of this paper is to show the discrepancies that may arise when using two different food security indicators that operate in the same dimension of the food security concept and yield the same outcome (food security status of the household) in three of the scenarios that they might be used: (1) for measuring the prevalence of food insecurity, (2) for understanding its drivers, and (3) for estimating the potential impact of a policy. The specific objectives of this paper are (1) to measure and compare the prevalence of food insecurity in a country using the Latin America Food Security Scale (ELCSA, by its acronym in Spanish) and the household undernourishment indicator, (2) to compare the factors associated with households’ food security status using the two indicators, and (3) to assess the potential use of the two indicators for ex ante policy analysis. Data for the study comes from the 2011 Survey of Living Standards from Guatemala, which collected all the data for estimating the ELCSA and the household level data required for calculating the household undernourishment indicator. Our results indicate considerable differences in the estimated prevalence of food insecurity at the national and regional levels using the two alternative indicators, with ELCSA resulting in higher estimates. Logistic regression models estimated to assess and identify household food insecurity drivers also found large differences in both the direction and magnitude of factors affecting food insecurity using the alternative food security indicators. Finally, the magnitude of the simulated impact of a cash transfer policy varied depending on the food indicator used.
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo medir la percepción del uso de herramientas digitales para gestionar cursos y videoconferencias utilizadas por docentes de tres instituciones de educación superior en México a raíz de la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (covid-19). Mediante un estudio de corte cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, se determinó la utilidad y facilidad de uso percibida de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) utilizadas por las universidades mexicanas para transitar de la modalidad presencial a la modalidad online. Para ello, se aplicó un instrumento basado en el modelo de aceptación tecnológica a una muestra total de 192 docentes de tres universidades: Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur y Universidad de Sonora. Como resultados principales, se observó que el sistema de gestión de aprendizaje con valoración de aceptación alta en las tres instituciones analizadas fue Moodle; mientras que la herramienta para videoconferencias Zoom fue la que obtuvo mayor frecuencia con valoración alta.
La comprensión del comportamiento del consumidor es fundamental en una economía de mercado para cubrir sus expectativas. Tras décadas de investigación con el fin de entender la lógica del consumo, queda en evidencia la necesidad de considerar los comportamientos disfuncionales de los clientes, aquellos que son contrarios a lo socialmente aceptable, a las reglas de la empresa y que perturban el orden. Producto de una minuciosa revisión teórica, este libro ofrece al lector un acercamiento conceptual al consumidor, su tipología y sus conductas disfuncionales. En la primera parte, se contextualizan las características del sector servicios y se introduce al tema de los comportamientos negativos de los clientes. En la segunda, se exponen y clasifican estas conductas en tres niveles de acuerdo a su gravedad. Y en el último apartado, se ofrecen estrategias para gestionar este tipo de conflictos en empresas de servicios, lo cual coadyuva en la rentabilidad y perdurabilidad de las mismas.
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