Background: Primary dysmenorrhoea is a common, idiopathic, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, with unknown aetiology which about 50% of women with regular menstrual period suffer. This study was designed to determine the effect of vibration and heat on primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 75 female students aged 18-22 years old were evaluated for two menstrual cycles. At the first cycle the participants received the routine pain-relief method (synthetic or herbal medicine and traditional remedies). At the second cycle for each participant combined vibration-heat device was applied for ten minutes during menstrual pain. The average of perceived leg pain, lumbar pain and abdominal pain scores at two cycles were determined. The data were analyzed based on Wilcoxon and T tests by using SPSS (v 16.0) for Windows. Results: The average of all perceived pain scores at two cycles were significantly different before pain relief and after both routine methods and using the device (p<0.001). Those were more significantly reduced after using the device in comparison of using routine methods (p<0.001). Conclusion: Since -vibration-heat‖ is an effective pain relief method, it can be used as a complementary alternative medicine in primary dysmenorrhea reduction.
Regarding axion electrodynamics in the background flat FRW universe, we show that cosmological birefringence arises from an adiabatic noncyclic geometric phase that appears in the quantum state of photons because of their interaction with the axion field. We also show that the axion electrodynamics is equivalent to standard electrodynamics in time-dependent bi-isotropic magnetoelectric Tellegen media, which serves as an analogue system that can simulate cosmological birefringence.
We study the spin transport of light in weakly inhomogeneous axion field in a flat Robertson-Walker universe and derive the spin Hall effect for circularly polarized rays. Regarding primordial quantum fluctuations of the axion field in the de Sitter phase as the origin of the inhomogeneity, we show that the conformal invariance of the correlator determines the root-mean-square (r.m.s) fluctuations of the path of circularly polarized cosmic rays. We explain how the r.m.s fluctuations can be experimentally determined.
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