Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is surrounded the world and is associated with multiorgan damage. Olfactory dysfunction is a common manifestation in COVID-19 patients, and in some cases, presents before the coryza signs. We conducted this umbrella review to provide a practical guide on managing, imaging findings, and follow-up of COVID-19 patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from December 2019 until the end of July 2022. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses addressing management and imaging findings of the olfactory manifestations of COVID-19 were included in the study. The quality assessment of included articles was carried out using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) tool. Results: A total of 23 systematic reviews were reviewed in this umbrella review. The number of included studies varied between 2 to 155 articles. Several demographic variables were not adequately reported across all the included systematic reviews, including age, gender, preexisting comorbidities, or whether participants had been hospitalized or admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID‐19. Conclusion: It seems that the coronavirus can infect olfactory system structures that play roles in the transmission and interpretation of smell sense. Based on studies, a large proportion of patients experienced OD following COVID-19 infection, and the majority of OD was resolved spontaneously. The possibility of long-lasting OD was higher in young adults with moderate clinical manifestation. Olfactory training (OT) was the most effective therapy. Intranasal corticosteroids (ICS) are also recommended.
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease. Early diagnosis of AD and its precursor, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), is crucial for timely intervention and management. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics showed a promising result for diagnosing and classifying AD, and MCI from normal subjects. Thus, we aimed to systematically evaluate the diagnostic performance of the MRI radiomics for this task. Methods and materials: This study was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search of the current literature was conducted using relevant keywords in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from inception to October 17, 2022. Original studies discussing the diagnostic performance of MRI Radiomics in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis were included. Method quality was evaluated with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2), and the Radiomic Quality Score tool (RQS). Results: We identified 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria, involving a total of 3446 participants. The overall quality of the included studies was moderate to high. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of MRI radiomics for differentiating AD from normal subjects were 0.8822 (95% CI 0.7888-0.9376), and 0.8849 (95% CI 0.7978-0.9374), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of MRI radiomics for differentiating MCI from normal subjects were 0.7882 (95% CI 0.6272-0.8917) and 0.7736 (95% CI 0.6480-0.8639), respectively. Also, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of MRI radiomics for differentiating AD from MCI were 0.6938 (95% CI 0.6465-0.7374) and 0.8173 (95% CI 0.6117-0.9270), respectively. Conclusion: MRI radiomics has promising diagnostic performance in differentiating AD, MCI, and normal subjects. It can potentially serve as a non-invasive and reliable tool for early diagnosis and classification of AD and MCI. However, further studies with larger sample sizes and more rigorous study designs are warranted to confirm these findings and establish the clinical utility of MRI radiomics in AD and MCI diagnosis.
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