Background Social withdrawal in early childhood is a risk factor for later socioemotional difficulties. This study examined the joint effects of children's social withdrawal and mothers' and fathers' parenting styles on children's socioemotional development. Based on diatheses‐stress, vantage sensitivity, and differential susceptibility models, socially withdrawn children were assumed to be more prone to parental influences than others. Methods Teachers rated 314 children on prosocial skills, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors at three points in time between grades 1–3. Mothers (n = 279) and fathers (n = 182) filled in questionnaires measuring their affection, and their behavioral and psychological control at the same points in time. Teacher reports on children's level of social withdrawal were obtained at the end of kindergarten. Results Panel analysis showed that particularly those children who showed signs of social withdrawal were vulnerable to the negative effects of low maternal affection in terms of externalizing behavior. Moreover, among these children, mothers' and fathers' psychological control predicted high levels of internalizing problem but, at the same time, mothers' psychological control predicted also a high level of prosocial behavior and low levels of externalizing problem. Conclusions The results supported the diathesis–stress model more than the differential susceptibility model. For example, socially withdrawn children were found to be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of low maternal affection. Although maternal psychological control had positive effects on the prosocial skills of socially withdrawn children, and reduced the amount of externalizing problems, it was at the same time associated with an increase in their internalizing problems. In this way, socially withdrawn children seem to be at risk of pleasing their mothers at the cost of their own well‐being.

Despite the rapid growth of low-cost airlines in the U.S. and Europe, yet little is known about the feasibility of such services in developing and less developed countries. In such a region, hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate passengers’ preferences and willingness to accept low-cost air transport services. Accordingly, a choice experiment was applied to examine passenger choices associated with a bundle of service attributes applicable to low-cost air transport service. Results of multinomial logit models defined fare, frequent flyer program, food and beverage services, ground services, flexibility, frequency and punctuality as determining factors affecting passengers’ air transport choice in Iran. Results further demonstrated that passengers’ preferences and their willingness to accept low-cost air transport service are associated with their socio-economic characteristics and travel behavior. This study contributes to the relative body of knowledge through offering willingness to accept calculation as a strategic tool to assess the feasibility of low-cost air transport provision in a region where such services are yet scarce.

No abstract

The aim of this study is to identify robust determinants of economic growth in Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). To examine the robustness of 101 potential determinants of economic growth in OPEC about 11 million regressions are estimated. The results of extreme bounds analysis with the unbalanced panel data of 21 years shows that variety of trade policy measures are robust and support export‐led growth hypothesis. Proxies of export passed very strict test of Levine and Renelt, while oil export is not robust. The results also support conditional‐convergence hypothesis.