This paper describes a study to explore the prevalence of postpartum tightening operations of the vulva and reinfibulation (RI) in Sudan. Participatory observations with digital vaginal examinations before and after delivery were carried out on a sample of 100 women in two hospital settings. In 61% of the women tightening vulval operations had been carried out after delivery. Of the women who had not been submitted to female genital mutilation (FGM) with suturing before delivery, 35% had such an operation after delivery. Two out of 20 women without any primary FGM had undergone a tightening operation following delivery. In the two study settings observed, the prevalence of postpartum tightening operations was 61% and included women without previous FGM. The tradition of tightening operations of the vulva after delivery is an important issue for further research concerning the implicit sociocultural determinants and their possible relation to the tradition of primary forms of FGM.

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Background: Blood loss is one of the important complications during cesarean section (CS). Previous reports have shown that misoprostol is effective in reducing blood loss during and after CS. However, the optimum time for its administration to decrease the amount of PPH is still under discussion. Objective: To compare the effect of preoperative and postoperative administration of sublingual misoprostol (400 μg) in reducing the amount of blood loss during and 24 hours after CS.

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Mercury is a toxic and corrosive element, and understanding its partitioning within ecosystems and industrial processes is of vital importance. The solubility of mercury in normal alkanes, aromatics, water and alcohols is predicted using widely used Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state in combination with a group contribution method to estimate binary interaction parameters. The interaction parameters between elemental mercury and seven other molecular groups were determined in this work by fitting available solubility data for mercury. The solubility in the studied solvents was accurately described. This work allows the prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of elemental mercury in a wide variety of solvents, solvent mixtures, and operating conditions where experimental data are unavailabl

This paper describes a study to explore the prevalence of postpartum tightening operations of the vulva and reinfibulation (RI) in Sudan. Participatory observations with digital vaginal examinations before and after delivery were carried out on a sample of 100 women in two hospital settings. In 61% of the women tightening vulval operations had been carried out after delivery. Of the women who had not been submitted to female genital mutilation (FGM) with suturing before delivery, 35% had such an operation after delivery. Two out of 20 women without any primary FGM had undergone a tightening operation following delivery. In the two study settings observed, the prevalence of postpartum tightening operations was 61% and included women without previous FGM. The tradition of tightening operations of the vulva after delivery is an important issue for further research concerning the implicit socio-cultural determinants and their possible relation to the tradition of primary forms of FGM.