IntroductionCorrosive ingestion is a grave public health problem. It is a medical emergency and shows diverse clinical presentations. The ingestion of corrosive substances has devastating effects on upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and the corrosive injury is associated with numerous life-threatening complications. The present study aims to explore the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of patients of corrosive ingestion presenting at a tertiary care hospital of Multan, Pakistan.MethodThe target study population consists of all the patients with primary diagnosis of corrosive ingestion who presented to the department of thoracic surgery, Nishtar Medical University Hospital Multan, Pakistan, from January 2016 to December 2017. The follow-up cases and the cases with ingestion of substances other than corrosives were not included in the study. All the included cases were evaluated by detailed history, thorough physical examination and the necessary investigations. The post-cor­rosive tissue damage was classified accord­ing to Zargar’s classification system. All the demographic data and other variables were measured and recorded using a Performa. The data were analyzed by using computer program SPSS 21 version.ResultsThe total study population was 206 patients. There were 135 females (65.5%) and 71 male patients (34.5%). Age ranged from 2 to 42 years (mean 23.44 ± 7.19). Only seven cases were found in the age group of 2-7 years. The residents of rural areas showed a slightly increased inclination towards corrosive ingestion. One hundred and ten cases were unmarried (53.4%) while 90 patients were married (43.7%). The incidence of corrosive ingestion was much high in illiterate/less educated patients belonging to the groups of lower socio-economic status. One hundred and ninety-seven patients ingested corrosive substances deliberately with the suicidal intention (95.6%). The acid used as bathroom cleaner and the laundry bleaches were the most commonly used corrosive agents. In 166 cases the corrosive materials were already present at home for domestic purposes (80.6%), but 18 subjects particularly purchased these corrosive substances to commit suicide. The quantity of ingested material ranged between 10 ml and 150 ml with a mean of 42.6 ml ± 33.2. The shortest hospital stay was one day, and the longest one was 60 days. Esophagus and oropharyngeal area were the most common site which sustained the corrosive injury, whereas corrosive injury to duodenum was least frequent (34.5 %).ConclusionCorrosive ingestion is a serious medical problem and it requires a multidisciplinary approach and a good coordination between different medical specialists. Underprivileged teenager females of rural areas are more likely to ingest corrosive materials with suicidal intention. In most of the ingestions, household cleaning products are used. Only the patients with severe corrosive injury should be admitted to intensive care units. Enforcing regulations for the manufacturers of household cleaning products can significantl...

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The study carried out on (10) esophagus specimens of healthy seagull birds (Lorasmelonocaphalus). The length of the esophagus (both the cervical and the thoracic parts) was found 2.85±0.3 cm. The esophagus was situated between the oropharynx and glandular part of the stomach. It was a thin-walled and elastic muscular tube. The histological examination showed that it was composed of four layers. The first layer lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium which based on lamina properia that contain mucous glands in the thoracic part of the esophagus while the second layer the submucosal layer consists of mucous gland followed by muscularis layers which consist of two layers, circular inner layer and longitudinal external layer based on the serosal layer.

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