Ethiopian cultivars have diverged from their wild relatives, whereas Kenyan qat has diverged less. This pattern of divergence could be caused by the extinction of the wild-source qat populations in Ethiopia due to deforestation, undersampling, and/or artificial selection for agronomically important traits.
The nematicidal potential of aqueous leaf extracts of ten plant species distributed in agricultural lands in Yemen were assessed against second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita in laboratory. The juveniles were exposed to 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs in three concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50%) of leaf extracts. Leaf extracts of Datura stramonium, Peganum harmala, Datura innoxia, Argemone mexicana and Nicotiana glauca were effective in causing juvenile mortality, while leaf extracts of the other five plant species, Azadirachta indica, Catha edulis, Solanum incanum, Tagetes minuta and Withania somnifera showed no or little nematode mortality (< 30 %) even at 50 % concentration and 48 hrs exposure time. The juveniles mortality was increased with increase of concentration and exposure time. Hundred percent juveniles mortality was observed at the modest concentration (25%) of leaf extracts of D. stramonium and D. innoxia after 24 and 48hrs, respectively. Whereas 100 % mortality of juveniles was found at highest concentration (50%) in leaf extract of D. stramonium after 12 hrs and in leaf extracts of D. innoxia, P. harmala and N. glauca after 24 hrs or after 48 hrs in case of leaf extracts of A. mexicana. Leaf extract of D. stramonium achieved the highest mortality percentage at different concentrations and was significantly (p≤0.05) superior over the rest of the extracts applied over time. Akhtar, M. and Farzana, B. (1996): Evaluation of nematicidal properties of some members of the family Solanaceae. Biores. Technol., 57: 95-97. Akhtar, M. and Malik, A. (2000). Role of organic soil amendments and soil organisms in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: a review. Biores. Technol., 74, 35-47. Akpheokhai, I.L.; Claudius-Cole, A. O. and Fawol B. (2012). Evaluation of some plant extracts for the management of Meloidogyne incognita on soybean (Glycine max). World J. of Agric. Sci., 8 (4): 429-435. Awadh, G. M.; Saeed, M. R.; Najy, A. and Saleh, A. M. ( 2008). In-vitro nematicidal activity of some selected plants on stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci f. (Tylenchida: Tylenchidae). Yemeni J. of Biological Sci., 4(1):141-150. Banna, L., Darwish, R. M. and Aburjal, T. (2003). Effect of plant extracts and essential oils on root-knot nematode Phytopathol. Medit., 42: 123-128. Chaudhary, K. K.; Haile, A.; Ayresea, Z. G.; Semereab, G. and Weldegergish, T. (2013). Nematicidal activity of Eritrean weed plants against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Tahrouch, S.; Bourijate, M. and Hatimi, A. (2007). Action differents extractsts végétaux sur la mortalité des nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne ssp. Acta Bot. Gallica, 154 (4):503-509. Elbadria, G. A.; Leeb, D. W.; Parkc, J. C.; Yuc, H. B. and Chooc, H. Y. (2008). Evaluation of various plant extracts for their nematicidal efficacies against juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita. J. of Asia-Pacific Entomol., 11 (2): 99 -102. El-Hassan, M.; Ferji, Z. and Idrissi, H. L. (2013) Anti-nematode effect assessment of Peganum harmala based pro...
Farmers and traders have developed a system of names to refer to different qat (Catha edulis) cultivars, using stem color as the primary trait to differentiate them. In this study, we tested if the named cultivars from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen represent genetic clusters. We also quantified clonal reproduction and tracked the geographic dispersal of cultivated-qat genotypes using microsatellite genotypes of specimens collected from across the major qat growing regions (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen). Specimens were mapped to determine whether names, morphology, genetic clusters, or genotypes (in particular clones) were geographically restricted. Stem color was found to be a plastic trait because specimens of the same genotype have different colored stems. A single cultivar name was often applied to numerous clonal groups and genetic clusters, creating widespread homonymy in the ethnotaxonomy of qat cultivars. The East African Rift (EAR) in central Ethiopia was found to be a barrier to the exchange of both clonal groups and certain cultivar names. In Kenya, both cultivar names and clonal groups were broadly dispersed geographically. Nearly all of these clonal groups originated from the Mt. Kenya/Meru area in central Kenya.
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