Nature has blessed the human and animal beings with great food diversity in terms of cereal grains to maintain their health status. Among the cereal grains, wheat, rice and maize (Zea mays) are the major ones that are considered as stable food across the globe due to their high nutritional significance enriched with abundant amount of macronutrients like starch, fibre, protein and fat along with micronutrients like B-complex vitamins, ß-carotene and essential minerals, i.e. magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, copper, etc. Maize is also considered as low-cost-high-benefit ratio for human beings that help in the prevention of metabolic syndrome due to the presence of different antioxidants like phenols and phytosterols in it. Maize or corn can be consumed only after processing into different food items such as popcorn, flour, tortillas, cornflakes, corn germ oil, etc. Maize products are also used in supplementary nutritional programmes to feed the malnourished children and to improve their health status. However, the quality of maize products depends upon the agronomic practices and climatic conditions.
Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross between rust resistant (FLIP‐2004‐7L) and susceptible (L‐9–12) genotypes were phenotyped against lentil rust at two hot‐spot locations for two consecutive years (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) and analysed genetically for molecular map construction. Based on the mean score of both the locations, the RILs were classified into resistant and susceptible classes. The frequency distribution of disease severity in the RILs did not show a continuous variation, which strongly indicate the role of a major gene controlling the rust resistance. Resistant and susceptible bulks were constituted based on phenotypic data of RILs. Of 389 SSR markers, eight were found polymorphic between bulks. Genotyping of RILs with these eight markers revealed two markers, namely LcSSR440 and LcSSR606, showing co‐segregation with rust resistance, which flanked the gene at 8.3 and 8.1cM, respectively. The applicability of these markers for marker‐assisted breeding was further evaluated on a set of rust resistant and susceptible genotypes of lentil.
A study was carried out at Student's Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi 2010-11 and 2011-12. The experimental site was sandy loam, with normal soil pH and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available N and medium in available P and K. The investigation consisted of 11 treatments each having different population levels of button weed (Malva neglecta) and kandyali palak (Rumex spinosus), viz 0,3,6,9,12 plants/m2 and two treatments having pure populations of each weed. Wheat crop accumulated more heat units (AGDD, AHTU, APTU) during the year 2011-12 as compared to the crop year 2010-11. Increase in population levels of both weed species significantly decreased the crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of wheat crop. The results showed a significant decrease in number of tillers, effective tillers, number of grains/ear, 1 000-grain weight and grain yield of wheat with increasing population densities of Malva neglecta and Rumex spinosus (from 3 to 12 plants/m2). Highest grain yield of wheat (57.54 q/ha) was recorded under pure wheat treatment and lowest grain yield was recorded in treatments T5 and T10 having 12 plants of Malva neglecta and Rumex spinosus, respectively. Highest heat use efficiency (HUE) was recorded in pure wheat treatment in contrast to all other treatments. Determination of correlation matrix revealed that crop yield was perfectly negatively correlated with population densities of Malva neglecta and Rumex spinosus while there was highly significant direct relationship with other crop growth parameters like dry matter accumulation, LAI, tiller number/m2, effective tillers/m2, ear length, and number of grains/ear etc. Regression analysis interpreted positive relation of grain yield with growth parameters and negative with both weed population densities. From the study it was concluded that higher weed infestation enhances inhibitory influence on the growth rate, heat use efficiency and yield of wheat crop.
An array of production technologies, from land preparation to harvesting, has been recommended for maize crop. Being non-tillering crop, optimum plant population can be achieved if suitable crop establishment techniques like method of sowing, sowing time, seed rate, seed treatment, crop geometry etc., are followed. Weeds can be managed well either by two hoeings 15-30 days after sowing or herbicides like atrataf 50 WP (atrazine) at 2 kg/ha on medium to heavy textured soils and 1.25 kg/ha in light soils within 10 days of sowing, using 500 litres as pre-emergence or spray 262.5 ml/acre laudis 420 SC (tembotrione) in 375 litres of water at 20 days after sowing. Integrated nutrient management strategy renders use of farm yard manure at 10-15 t/ha, Paddy straw compost at 450 kg/ha or synthetic fertilizers at 120 kg N, 60 kg P 2 O 5 and 40 kg K 2 O per hectare for hybrids and 80 kg N, 30 kg P 2 O 5 and 20 kg K 2 O per hectare for composites. Integrated pest management approach emphasizes on use of physical, chemical or biological measures for the control of insect-pests. Maize borer can be controlled by spraying coragen 18.5 SC at 75 ml using 150 litres water/ha. Drying of maize produce can be done sun drying, smoking or air drying for fetching better market price.
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