In this work, we propose a reliable, power efficient and high throughput routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). We use multi-hop topology to achieve minimum energy consumption and longer network lifetime. We propose a cost function to select parent node or forwarder. Proposed cost function selects a parent node which has high residual energy and minimum distance to sink. Residual energy parameter balances the energy consumption among the sensor nodes while distance parameter ensures successful packet delivery to sink. Simulation results show that our proposed protocol maximize the network stability period and nodes stay alive for longer period. Longer stability period contributes high packet delivery to sink which is major interest for continuous patient monitoring.
The effect of nonadiabaticity of dust charge variation arising due to small nonzero values of tau(ch)/tau(d) has been studied where tau(ch) and tau(d) are the dust charging and dust hydrodynamical time scales on the nonlinear propagation of dust acoustic waves. Analytical investigation shows that the propagation of a small amplitude wave is governed by a Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) Burger equation. Notwithstanding the soliton decay, the "soliton mass" is conserved, but the dissipative term leads to the development of a noise tail. Nonadiabaticity generated dissipative effect causes the generation of a dust acoustic shock wave having oscillatory behavior on the downstream side. Numerical investigations reveal that the propagation of a large amplitude dust acoustic shock wave with dust density enhancement may occur only for Mach numbers lying between a minimum and a maximum value whose dependence on the dusty plasma parameters is presented.
In this paper some nonlinear characteristics of small amplitude dust ion acoustic solitary wave in three component dusty plasma consisting of electrons, ions, and dust grains have been studied. Simultaneously, the charge fluctuation dynamics of the dust grains under the assumption that the dust charging time scale is much smaller than the dust hydrodynamic time scale has been considered here. The ion dust collision has also been incorporated. It has been seen that a damped Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation governs the nonlinear dust ion acoustic wave. The damping arises due to ion dust collision, under the assumption that the ion hydrodynamical time scale is much smaller than that of the ion dust collision. Numerical investigations reveal that the dust ion acoustic wave admits only a positive potential, i.e., compressive soliton.
The effects of nonthermal ions with excess of fast (energetic) ions on linear dust acoustic (DA) wave propagation has been investigated incorporating the dust charge variation and the isothermal dust pressure variation. It is seen that due to the dust charge variations in the presence of nonthermal ions, instead of the usual damping, there is a growth of the DA wave if the ion nonthermality parameter a>15(1+σi)/(8−72σi), σi(=Ti/Te≪1), Ti(Te) is the ion (electron) temperature, and there may occur, under certain conditions, exponentially growing mode with zero real frequency. It is also seen that in the absence of dust charge variations there also occurs a zero real frequency, exponentially growing mode if the ion nonthermality parameter a>1. In absence of dust charge variations or in the presence of adiabatic dust charge variations, finite dust temperature Td can stabilize the instability. However, in the presence of nonadiabatic dust charge variations Td cannot stabilize the instability.
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