The self is a multi-faceted and temporally dynamic construct reflecting representations and beliefs about identity in the past, present, and future. Clinical studies have shown that individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) exhibit alterations in self-related processing but these studies have focused primarily on memory. Few studies in PTSD and SAD have examined self-related processing for the present and future, and no studies have directly compared these processes across these two disorders. Individuals diagnosed with PTSD (n=21), SAD (n=21), and healthy controls (n=21) completed cognitive tasks related to the past, present, and future. Disorder congruent temporal alterations were found across both disorders. Further, regression analyses revealed that trauma-related memories were significantly predicted by future goals related to the trauma, whereas social anxiety-related recall was predicted by current socially anxious self-views. Thus, although self-related processing may be common in PTSD and SAD, those aspects of the self most strongly associated with disorder-congruent recall differ by disorder. Self-alterations may be modifiable and developing a better understanding of past, present, and future self-processing might aid in the development of interventions that target these process.
Background: Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique (PaPr-PaDiO) radiographs are regularly obtained for a full evaluation of the navicular bone (NB). Despite their routine use, different acquisition techniques are described. Objectives: To determine optimal foot placement and beam angle for obtaining PaPr-PaDiO views. Study design: In vitro experiment. Methods: A convenience sample of 26 disarticulated forelimbs were placed in six different positions using a leg press to mimic the weight-bearing position. In each position, navicular PaPr-PaDiO images were obtained with eight different beam angles. The resulting 1248 radiographs were graded for their diagnostic quality and the compacta spongiosa demarcation of the NB. Results: Diagnostic quality and compacta-spongiosa demarcation was graded higher for feet positioned caudally and angle between 40° and 45°. Elevation of the toe significantly decreased the NB palmar border angle (elevated mean: 40.66, SD: 4.46, non-elevated mean: 42.06, SD: 4.70) (P < .01), but seemed to have no obvious positive influence on radiographs. Main limitations: Using disarticulated legs could only mimic positions but, using a press, weight-bearing positions were replicated as closely as possible. The use of a convenience sample makes the results of the study exploratory only. Conclusions: Caudal foot placement seems to improve the image quality of the navicular PaPr-PaDiO view. The widely used standard beam angle of 45° appears to be the favourable angle for acquisition with a varied range of −5°. Elevation of the toe, standard in most commercially available navicular skyline cassette holders, does not influence the obtained image quality.
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