Two studies provided direct support for a recently proposed dialect theory of communicating emotion, positing that expressive displays show cultural variations similar to linguistic dialects, thereby decreasing accurate recognition by out-group members. In Study 1, 60 participants from Quebec and Gabon posed facial expressions. Dialects, in the form of activating different muscles for the same expressions, emerged most clearly for serenity, shame, and contempt and also for anger, sadness, surprise, and happiness, but not for fear, disgust, or embarrassment. In Study 2, Quebecois and Gabonese participants judged these stimuli and stimuli standardized to erase cultural dialects. As predicted, an in-group advantage emerged for nonstandardized expressions only and most strongly for expressions with greater regional dialects, according to Study 1.

The current study examines whether the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) can be assessed reliably and validly by means of a self-report instrument in di¤erent countries of the world. All items of the GELOPH 254 R. T. Proyer et al. (Ruch and Titze 1998;Ruch and Proyer 2008b) were translated to the local language of the collaborator (42 languages in total). In total, 22,610 participants in 93 samples from 73 countries completed the GELOPH. Across all samples the reliability of the 15-item questionnaire was high (mean alpha of .85) and in all samples the scales appeared to be unidimensional. The endorsement rates for the items ranged from 1.31% through 80.00% to a single item. Variations in the mean scores of the items were more strongly related to the culture in a country and not to the language in which the data were collected. This was also supported by a multidimensional scaling analysis with standardized mean scores of the items from the GELOPH3154. This analysis identified two dimensions that further helped explaining the data (i.e., insecure vs. intense avoidant-restrictive and low vs. high suspicious tendencies towards the laughter of others). Furthermore, multiple samples derived from one country tended to be (with a few exceptions) highly similar. The study shows that gelotophobia can be assessed reliably by means of a self-report instrument in cross-cultural research. This study enables further studies of the fear of being laughed at with regard to di¤erences in the prevalence and putative causes of gelotophobia in comparisons to di¤erent cultures.

The Duchenne marker has been proposed as a universal marker of smile authenticity. However, Elfenbein, Beaupré, Levesque, and Hess (2007 ) found that, whereas Canadians typically show the Duchenne marker when posing happiness, Gabonese do not. We therefore investigated whether the Duchenne marker is perceived as a marker of smile authenticity by Gabonese and by Mainland Chinese living in Quebec, Canada. The results show that Gabonese do not use the Duchenne marker to assess smile authenticity at all. Mainland Chinese immigrants to Quebec showed sensitivity to the Duchenne marker only when judging smiles by French-Canadian encoders, suggesting learning of the use of this cultural dialect through cultural exposure. In sum, the use of Duchenne marker is not universal, but rather limited to certain cultures.

CIRANOLe CIRANO est un organisme sans but lucratif constitué en vertu de la Loi des compagnies du Québec. Résumé / AbstractCette étude vérifie auprès d'employés gabonais (N = 146) un modèle de comportements organisationnels discrétionnaires (COD) basé sur le modèle motivationnel de l'épuisement professionnel. Il postule que plus le style de mobilisation du supérieur satisfait les besoins d'autodétermination, de compétence et d'attachement, plus la motivation sera autodéterminée et meilleure sera la satisfaction au travail; en retour, ces variables influenceront positivement l'adoption de COD altruistes et consciencieux, lesquels auront finalement des répercussions positives sur la satisfaction de vie. Des analyses de modélisation confirment dans l'ensemble ce modèle. La motivation autodéterminée était toutefois négativement reliée aux comportements altruistes, lesquels prédisaient d'ailleurs négativement la satisfaction de vie. Ces résultats appuient également la théorie de l'autodétermination selon laquelle les comportements issus d'une motivation non autodéterminée affectent négativement le bien-être. This study tested with Gabonese employees (N = 146) an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) model based on the motivational model of job burnout (MMJB

BackgroundMental health problems (MHP) are the leading cause of disability worldwide. The inverse association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and MHP has been well documented. There is prospective evidence that factors from the work environment, including adverse psychosocial work factors, could contribute to the development of MHP including psychological distress. However, the contribution of psychosocial work factors to social inequalities in MHP remains unclear. This study evaluates the contribution of psychosocial work factors from two highly supported models, the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) and the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) models to SEP inequalities of psychological distress in men and women from a population-based sample of Quebec workers.MethodsData were collected during a survey on working conditions, health and safety at work. SEP was evaluated using education, occupation and household income. Psychosocial work factors and psychological distress were assessed using validated instruments. Mean differences (MD) in the score of psychological distress were estimated separately for men and women.ResultsLow education level and low household income were associated with psychological distress among men (MD, 0.56 (95% CI 0.06; 1.05) and 1.26 (95% CI 0.79; 1.73) respectively). In men, the contribution of psychosocial work factors from the DCS and the ERI models to the association between household income and psychological distress ranged from 9% to 24%. No clear inequalities were observed among women.ConclusionsThese results suggest that psychosocial work factors from the DCS and the ERI models contribute to explain a part of social inequalities in psychological distress among men. Psychosocial factors at work are frequent and modifiable. The present study supports the relevance of targeting these factors for the primary prevention of MHP and for health policies aiming to reduce social inequalities in mental health.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4014-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

CIRANOLe CIRANO est un organisme sans but lucratif constitué en vertu de la Loi des compagnies du Québec. Résumé / AbstractCette étude examine la nature des liens entre des antécédents et conséquences de la motivation au travail d'enseignants gabonais (N = 152). Elle s'appuie sur le modèle motivationnel de l'épuisement professionnel qui soutient que plus le style de mobilisation du supérieur satisfait les besoins d'autodétermination, de compétence et d'attachement, plus la motivation des employés sera autodéterminée. Plus la motivation sera autodéterminée, meilleure sera la satisfaction au travail et, par la suite, la satisfaction de vie; en outre, moins élevé sera l'épuisement professionnel et, par la suite, la détresse psychologique. Le modèle a été confirmé à l'aide d'analyses par équations structurales et présente également un appui à la théorie de l'autodétermination. This study examines the links between antecedents and consequences of Gabonese teachers' work motivation (N= 152

La tournure et la demarche ont autant d'accent que la parole." Delphine Gay de Girardin This statement extracted from the 1843 "Lettres parisiennes du vicompte de Launay'' describes how nonverbal behaviors can communicate information about the origins of an individual just as Ian~. guage does. The goal of the present study is to use the GRID paradigm to help us better understand this process. Specifically, it has been proposed that there is a universal language of emotion that allows us t generally understand the emotion expressions of people across the globe, but that this languag also has dialects, which reflect expressive differences among cultures (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002 2002b; Elfenbein, et al., 2007). These differences are subtle enough to allow good communicati across cultures, but are substantive enough to potentially cause communication problems, hence, just as we are sometimes mistaken when listening to someone who speaks with a differ linguistic accent, we are also sometimes mistaken when we inter.e.ret expressions by an individ with a different nonverbal accent (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002b). The existence of nonverbal dialects within a universal language of emotion raises the question to where do these dialects come from? Herein we propose that nonverbal dialects are the result subtle differences in the modal appraisal of emotfons, which translate into expressive differenc In what follows, we will first define emotional dialects and then outline our hypothesis that th are based in the appraisal of model emotions. We then present a study using the GRID instrume to test this hypothesis in Quebec and Gabon, two French-speaking countries for which emoti dialects have been demonstrated (Elfenbein et al., 2007).

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