Three dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as one of the most promising additive manufacturing technology for producing 3D objects, with applications ranging from engineering prototyping to medications and cell-laden medical models. 3D printing techniques involve the deposition of materials such as thermoplastic polymers or hydrogel in sequential layers one on top of another to produce 3D object, regardless of the type, or underlying theory. The rapid rise in the number of published articles and patents in recent years indicates 3D printing’s current momentum in developing various drug delivery systems for pharmaceutical applications. While 3D printing techniques have a promising future, they must overcome a number of challenges before they can be used in commercial-scale production. The current ways of modifying drug delivery while making 3D printed dosage forms with different drug release patterns and properties are discussed in this review. These achievements are related to the delivery and development of patient-specific medicines. Major benefits of each type of 3D printing application, which are discussed; however, a critical review will show the limitations and constraints associated with 3D printing. Future research could focus on developing and adapting the techniques to suit with a wider range of materials. More emphasis on developing cost-effective printing technologies and compatible materials with these printers is needed to broaden the range of applications for 3D printed products.
Background: Conventional oral dosage forms have limited bioavailability and frequent dosing of the drug is needed to maintain the effective therapeutic concentration in the body. This results in poor patient compliance and fluctuations in the plasma drug levels, especially in the chronic diseases and disorders. Objective: To overcome such problems and to enhance the efficiency and bioavailability of the drug, modified drug delivery systems such as extended release delivery systems (controlled release; sustained release) and delayed release delivery systems are developed which can prolong the release and hence action of the drug in the body. Methods: Through this review, we throw the light on recent patents and patent applications on modified release systems pertaining to oral dosage forms. The various free patent search databases were used to collect and analyze the information on modified release delivery systems. Results: Modified release systems such as extended release and delayed release delivery systems have been found to be of great significance due to their advantages over immediate release dosage forms. These systems are formulated using various approaches, different types of release controlling polymers such as natural, semisynthetic and synthetic polymers and found to avoid the limitations of conventional oral dosage forms. Conclusion: Modified drug release systems have potential especially, in case of the chronic diseases, mental health disorders and lifestyle diseases and disorders. These systems have unique commercial advantages which will sustain the interest of both the researchers and the pharmaceutical companies. Keywords: Modified release systems, extended release systems, controlled release systems, sustained release systems, delayed release systems, oral dosage forms, multilayer dosage form, multilayered tablets
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