We have measured the kinematic viscosity of glycerol-water mixtures, for glycerol mass fractions ranging from 0 to 1, in the temperature range 10-50 °C. The measurements were made by using a series of Ubbelohde viscometers. Apart from comprehensiveness and comparative accuracy the present measurements expose serious errors in the limited data that were earlier available on such mixtures. It is shown that all the data can be reasonably represented by the empirical correlation (In
ν
m
- In
ν
w
)/(In
ν
g
- In
ν
w
) =
x
g
[1 + (1 -
x
g
) {
a
+
bx
g
+
cx
g
2
}], where
ν
w
,
v
g
and
ν
m
are the kinematic viscosities of water, glycerol and the mixture respectively and
x
g
is the mass fraction of glycerol in the mixture. The constants
a, b
and
c
are tabulated in the paper as functions of temperature. This correlation can now be used at a given temperature to tailor make a mixture of prescribed kinematic viscosity. While this paper is addressed, principally, to fluid dynamicists these results should be of interest to physicists studying the liquid state and physical chemists interested in mixtures.
A detailed experimental study has been made of the formation and motion of vortex rings generated when drops of liquid are allowed to come into contact at zero velocity with a quiescent flat surface of the same liquid. In this case the vortex motion is driven principally by the drop surface energy. It is shown that in the case considered, the phenomenon depends on two dimensionless parameters alone, the reciprocal of a Bond number B−1 and a global Reynolds number Re where the velocity scale is based on the surface energy. Using a video camera, measurements were made, over the whole trajectory, of the ring velocity and diameter for a number of drop sizes and liquids. Vortex rings generated by small drops reach higher peak velocities but decelerate more rapidly than ones generated by large drops. The latter, however, may become turbulent before relaminarizing during deceleration. Although the most interesting finding of the investigation was the discovery of oscillations in the ring translational velocity and diameter during deceleration, the identification of the appropriate scaling laws and a suggestion regarding the early stages of vorticity generation should also be of interest.
The kinetics of coagulation process for turbidity removal from tannery industry effluent using NaCl solution extracted Moringa oleifera protein is reported here. The effect of initial pH of effluent on floc size and strength were analyzed. Floc size decrease with increase in velocity gradient and hierarchy of floc size exponent at different pH was: acidic > neutral > basic. It was observed based on the half -life period data, the process follow second order kinetic model with 0.000862 (L / mg min) as rate constant. Talmadge -Fitch method is used to analyze batch sedimentation data for the calculation of area for the clarifier -thickener unit to treat 5 m 3 h -1 of tannery wastewater.
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