Invasive exotic plant species (IEPS) is recognized as threat to the native biodiversity and leads to the loss of habitat for the indigenous species on the earth. Invasions not only tear down the native plant species but have adverse impacts on economy and human health. Many documented records from Western countries connected with alien species revealed altered ecosystem services and socio-economic conditions via diverse mode of actions. Even though, the ecological impacts of alien species were documented, there is a dearth of analysis regarding their economic quantification, livelihood considerations, biotechnological aspects and human health risk assessments are the need of the hour. The noxious exotic invasive plants in India were Ageratum conyzoides, Eupatorium adenophorum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara, Mikania micrantha, Argemone mexicana and Eichhornia crassipes. In this context, an attempt was made to enlist the alien species of Kerala and a review to account the impacts of invasive exotic plant species on various aspects of the environment globally. Results regarding the alien species search revealed the following species such as Chromolaena odorata, Senna spectabilis, Hypoestes sanguinolenta, Maesopsis eminii, Eupatorium cannabinum, Mikania micrantha, Sphagneticola trilobata and Acacia mearnsii were intruded in to various ecosystems of Kerala after the repeated floods. They directly affect the germination and survival of local species, damage the quality of soil and affect ground water availability. Nearly 80 species were noted as alien species in Kerala by many state level surveys. Research in the direction of impact of alien species on socio-economic cultural aspects of life and derailment of ecosystem is not yet seriously carried from Kerala. Further, there is a paucity of the ecological models/indicators to establish interrelationship among global environmental changes, biodiversity and health, warranting future researches.
The purpose of the present research work is to investigate the functional group and category of secondary metabolites present in the essential oil (Eo) from Pogostemon benghalensis using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, HPTLC and GC-MS technique. FTIR measures the vibrations of bonds within the functional groups and yields a spectrum that can be considered as biochemical or metabolic fingerprint of the plant product. Using FTIR spectra, it is possible to find out the minor changes of primary and secondary metabolic characteristic functional groups which are responsible for their biological feature of the species. FTIR is a nondestructive, cost effective, user and eco-friendly tool. Pogostemon benghalensis, a wild relative of P. cablin, the highly utilized and adulterated medicinal herb by the native people for the extraction of essential oil Patchouli. The fresh leaves were subjected to hydro distillation for the extraction of the essential oils and were analyzed using the above techniques. The FTIR spectral lines have shown diverse unique peaks of functional groups. FTIR confirmed the volatile compounds and indicated by their functional groups of the essential oils such as C-H (Alkene), C-H (aromatic) and C=C. Similarly, the analysis proved the presence of alcohols, p-substituted alcohols or phenols, alkanes, alkynes, alkenes, aldehyde, ester, ether, aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids, aromatics, ketones, disulphide, alkyl halides, halogen, and nitro derivatives. The intensity and estimation of predominant volatiles were analysed by HPTLC, which showed 8 peaks with max Rf values ranged from 0.07 to 0.96. Further, the Eo was fractionated by with GC-MS technique and identified 41 volatile fractions in the oil. Thus, the obtained data provides the biochemical profiles with overlapping signals of a wide array of molecules that are present in the cells. So, the usage of essential oils in pharmacy, cosmetology and aromatherapy industries may be substantiated. Further advanced spectroscopic analysis is required to identify the structure and nature of active principles present in the Eo.
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