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Directional transdifferentiation of bone marrow precursor cells assumes beta cell like properties in modified tissue microenvironment. The factors that modify the roles of precursor cells to functional beta cells enabling precise, defined and efficient in vitro differentiation protocols are yet to be conclusive. The study aims at the determination of appropriate induction factors that may aid the robust, reproducible transdifferentiation of rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to islet-like cells and enhance their transdifferentiation efficiency. High glucose concentration including nicotinamide, β-mercaptoethanol along with β-cellulin, IGF-1 were able to induce bone marrow precursor cells to islet like clusters ex vivo consistently. The four step induction protocol has enhanced the expression of pancreatic islet cell specific transcription and translational factors detectable by immunocytochemistry viz., pro-insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and polypeptide. The functionality was assessed by the glucose challenge assay followed by animal experiment. The streptozotocin (STZ) induced rats demonstrated significant reduction in glucose levels post islet like cell transplantation (P<0.05). The tropic and the growth factors thus used have a profound impact on the induction of the bone marrow precursors to functional islet like cells

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Surface quality is the most crucial factor affecting the product lifespan and performance of any component. Most earlier technologies display accuracy in the micrometre or submicrometre range, surface roughness in the nanometre range, and almost no surface defects in the production of optical, mechanical and electronic parts. Such finishing methods incorporate a magnetic field to control the finishing forces using magnetorheological fluid as the polishing medium. Magnetorheological fluid (MR) consists of ferromagnetic and abrasive particles. It is a type of modern intelligent fluid. An optimum selection of magnetorheological fluid constituents and their volume concentration plays an essential role for the ultra-fine finishing of newly developed engineering products. Rheological characteristics of magnetorheological fluid can change rapidly and effortlessly with the support of an activated magnetic field. Traditional finishing methods are comparatively inferior in finishing complex freeform surfaces, due to the lack of controlling finishing forces and limitations of polishing tool movement over the complex freeform contour of the components. There are different types of processes based on the magnetorheological fluid including magnetorheological finishing, magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing, rotational magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing and ball end magnetorheological finishing. This article discusses the development of different types of magnetorheological-fluid-based finishing processes and their modes of operation. The MR fluid devices developed in the last decade are thoroughly reviewed for their working principles, characteristics and applications. This article also highlights the study of rheological characterization of magnetorheological fluid and its applications in different polishing methods appropriate for finishing various complex freeform components.

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