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Productivity of Indian mustard, an important oilseed crop of India, is affected by several pathogens. Among them, the hemibiotroph Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which causes sclerotinia rot disease, is the most devastating fungal pathogen causing up to 90% yield losses. The availability of host resistance is the only efficient approach to control and understand the host–pathogen interaction. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out using six Indian mustard genotypes with contrasting behavior towards sclerotinia rot to study the antioxidant resistance mechanism against S. sclerotiorum. The plants at post-flowering stage were inoculated with five-day-old pure culture of S. sclerotiorum using artificial stem inoculation method. Disease evaluation revealed significant genotypic differences for mean lesion length among the tested genotypes, where genotype DRMR 2035 was found highly resistant, while genotypes RH 1569 and RH 1633 were found highly susceptible. The resistant genotypes had more phenolics and higher activities of peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase which provide them more efficient and strong antioxidant systems as compared with susceptible genotypes. Studies of antioxidative mechanisms validate the results of disease responses.

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Theoretical results were derived to relate the heterosis and the hybrid factor (ratio of hybrid performance to parental mean) of a complex character (seed yield) with the respective parameters of component subcharacters in a multiplicative model. A multiplication factor, which is a function of differences in the parents for subcharecters, was introduced to arrive at multiplicative relationships between the parameters in the model. Under certain assumptions, gene effects of a complex multiplicative trait can be expressed in terms of gene effects for the subcharacters. Data on seed yield and its components in two crosses between Vicia faba minor and major cultivars were used as a numerical example. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that with large complementary differences for subcharacters in the parents, it is possible to find substantial heterosis in the complex character without significant heterosis in its component traits. However, a review of results from the literature shows that multiplication effects are only of minor importance in most crops. Implications for the use of multiplication effects in the breeding of hybrid, synthetic, and line cultivars are discussed.

Sclerotinia stem rot is one of the utmost important disease of mustard, causing considerable losses in seed yield and oil quality. The study of the genetic and proteomic basis of resistance to this disease is imperative for its effective utilization in developing resistant cultivars. Therefore, the genetic pattern of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in Indian mustard was studied using six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2) developed from the crossing of one resistant (RH 1222-28) and two susceptible (EC 766300 and EC 766123) genotypes. Genetic analysis revealed that resistance was governed by duplicate epistasis. Comparative proteome analysis of resistant and susceptible genotypes indicated that peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (A0A078IDN6 PPIase) showed high expression in resistant genotype at the early infection stage while its expression was delayed in susceptible genotypes. This study provides important insight to mustard breeders for designing effective breeding programs to develop resistant cultivars against this devastating disease.

A study, conducted in soil columns and involving three texturally different initially moist and dry soils, verifies certain concepts regarding simultaneous transport of surface‐applied salts and water under transient unsaturated flow conditions. Calcium chloride, spread on the soil surface, was leached with water under transient and steady infiltration conditions. Salt and water profiles were determined immediately following infiltration and after matching total infiltration, redistribution, and evaporation times.Chloride was leached more efficiently and to relatively deeper depths with lower than with higher rates of water application only in sandy and sandy loam soils. Appreciable chloride accumulation occurred during evaporation in surface layers of these soils in columns initially leached with continuous ponding of water. Irrespective of water application rates, nearly no upward movement of salts occurred in clay soil due to evaporation. In all cases, the displacement of salts by invading salt‐free water did not show piston‐like behavior as reported by some workers. In contrast to some earlier reports, the advance of the salt front was dependent on the initial soil water content. Upward movement of salts toward surface layers due to evaporation was greater in initially moist sandy loam and initially dry sandy soils.

BackgroundA swine flu pandemic hit the world and India was no exception. Many deaths were reported in metropolitan cities. Knowledge about the infection is an important element of control of the infection. Method This cross sectional survey was conducted at a tertiary care centre hospital where the patients are referred from different parts of Haryana accompanied by relatives therefore it was regarded as a potentially high-risk area for the spread of Influenza A (H1N1) and chosen to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice in relation to swine flu. A self administered questionnaire involved 42 hospital staff members (HS) and 358 general public (GP) accompanying the patients from 1