Remote Sensing techniques played a significant role in the extraction of the flood inundation. The study is based on delineating the flood water of 2019 that affected the Bihar region along the Ganga River using Sentinel 2 satellite imageries. For this purpose the spectral water index methods: NDWI and MNDWI was used. And to differentiate water from the non-water areas certain threshold values were used. The selection of optimum threshold values was an essential task as it helped to precisely detect the inundated areas. The optimum threshold was lower for MNDWIs for the pre-flood time while for the during flood time NDWI the values were lower. For the pre-flood moment NDWI gave the highest Kappa of 0.93 and for the during flood moment, MNDWI 1 produced the highest Kappa of 0.95 and Overall Accuracy (OA) of 0.91. Overall in this experiment, MNDWI 1 estimated better accuracy in determining the water bodies and flooded region. Due to the highest rainfall in the districts of Patna, Khagaria, Begusrai, and Bhagalpur throughout, the areas were adversely affected by floods in 2019. Keywords: Water Index, NDWI, MNDWI, Flood Inundation, Sentinel-2, natural disasters, Accuracy Assessment
The present investigation was carried out at Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during 2017-18. The experiment was designed in Randomized Block Design with Factorial Concept using vM 2 generation of three gladiolus cultivars viz. Candyman, American Beauty, Her Majesty irradiated previous year with four doses of gamma radiations 15 Gy, 30 Gy, 45 Gy, 60 Gy along with 0 Gy (control) to investigate the effect of gamma radiations. The results revealed early spike initiation (77.80 days) in variety Her Majesty. Minimum days for opening of first floret (100.86 days) were observed in var. American Beauty whereas maximum leaf abnormality percentage was observed in var. Her Majesty. Leaf abnormality percentage and morphological abnormalities percentage were found maximum at higher dose 60 Gy. Two variants from var. Candyman irradiated at 45 Gy and 60Gy and one variant from var. Her Majesty irradiated at 30 Gy were identified and isolated for changes in floret color whereas one variant was identified and isolated from var. American Beauty having variation in floret arrangement.
Introduction: Immunization is an essential component of public health programs and the most cost effective intervention. Despite having a robust and well-functioning health system in India some states face reduction in immunization coverage which needs to be improved. Objectives: In urban field practice area of a tertiary care teaching hospital - To assess the immunization coverage among children aged 6-23 months and To assess the use of Geographic Information system (GIS) technology as a tool for spatial mapping of the vaccine coverage Method: A cross sectional study was done among 6-23 months children residing in the urban slums in the field practice area of tertiary care teaching hospital. Data was collected by house to house visits with interview of mother/primary caregiver using pre-tested semi structured questionnaire. QGIS software was used for spatial mapping of the immunization coverage. Result: A total of 374 children aged 6–23 months were part of the study. It was found that the completely immunized, partially immunized, and unimmunized children were 78.3%, 16.9%, and 4.8%, respectively. The most common cause for partial immunization and non-immunization was child being ill and the lack of information, respectively. Spatial mapping of immunization coverage helped us in identifying the urban areas with low immunization coverage. Conclusions: Vaccine coverage in the area needs to be improved more which can be done by educating the mothers/primary caregivers and motivating them for better health of their children. GIS can be used as a useful tool in mapping immunization coverage.
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