A comprehensive analysis with the partial least square structural equation modeling shows decreasing necrosis requires increasing autophagy and apoptosis.
ABSTRAKStreptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri yang paling penting dalam proses terjadinya karies gigi dan juga merupakan bakteri Gram positif yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menghasilkan bau nafas tak sedap. Berbagai tindakan telah dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan rongga mulut, salah satunya adalah menggunakan obat kumur. Chlorhexidine gluconate telah menjadi gold standard sejak 1940 karena efektif dan mempunyai spektrum antimikroba yang luas. Meskipun demikian, penggunaan chlorhexidine gluconate dalam jangka panjang tidak dianjurkan karena efek samping yang dapat terjadi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut penulis ingin memberi solusi alternatif dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak seledri (Apium graveolens L. var secalinumAlef) yangmengandung flavonoid, saponin, dan tannin yang merupakan senyawa bersifat antibakteri. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode dilusi untuk menentukan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimal (KBM). Penelitian ini menggunakan 6 tabung dan 2 tabung kontrol dengan konsentrasi 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, dan 3,125%. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM) yang didapatkan adalah 3,125%, sedangkan untuk Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimal (KBM) tidak dapat ditentukan. Tidak dapat ditentukan diduga terkait dengan rendahnya senyawa aktif pada sampel penelitian ini. serta diduga terdapat degradasi senyawa aktif dalam ekstrak seledri akibat paparan sinar matahari, panas, dan pH. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak seledri (Apium graveolens L. var secalinum Alef) mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans namun tidak dapat membunuh bakteri tersebut.Kata Kunci :Ekstrak Seledri (Apium graveolens L. var secalinum Alef) – Streptococcus mutans – metode dilusiStreptococcus mutans is the most important bacteria in the process of dental caries and also Gram positive bacteria bakteri that has ability to produce bad odor. Various measures have been taken to maintain oral health, one of them is using mouthwash. Chlorhexidine gluconate has became the gold standard since 1940 because it’s effectiveness and has a broad antimicrobial spectrum. However, the long-term use of chlorhexidine gluconate is not recommended because of possible side effects that can occur later on. Based on this, the author wanted to show an alternative solution by utilizing celery extract (Apium graveolens L. var secalinum Alef) containing flavonoids, saponins, and tannins which are antibacterial compounds. This research is designed as an experimental laboratory with dilution method to determine Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). This study using 6 tubes and 2 control tubes with concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%. The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) is 3.125%, while for Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) there is no result. This result might be related to the use of crude extract and minimal amount of active compound in this sample. Besides, the amount of active compound can be degraded by exposure of light, heat, and pH.Based on the result, celery extract (Apium graveolens L. var secalinum Alef) able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria but can not kill the bacteria. Keywords :Celery Extract (Apium graveolens L. var secalinum Alef) – Streptococcus mutans – dilution method
Sputum smear microscopy is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid method for detecting tubercle bacilli when there are more than 10,000 bacilli/ml in the original sputum. Furthermore, because the microscopic method provides not only quantitative, but also qualitative information, such as the shape of bacilli, it has remained significant. We have previously developed and reported panel test slides made from polyacrylamide-based artificial sputum (PBAS) mixed with both cultured THP-1 cells and nonpathogenic mycobacteria. In this paper, we report an improved preparation method for PBAS for panel test slides that provides a simplified method and enhanced availability with high consistency in each grade and in which only negative PBAS is prepared from polyacrylamide and cultured THP-1 cells and mixed with graded formalin-fixed Mycobacterium tuberculosis solution (FFTBS) containing oral flora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the slides. In the smears prepared using this improved method, the numbers (average ؎ standard deviation [SD]) of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 300 fields (2-by 3-cm smear) in eight smears of each grade ranged from 5 to 9 (6.4 ؎ 1.4), from 59 to 88 (74.6 ؎ 10.0), from 503 to 912 (705.0 ؎ 145.7), and from 1,819 to 3,256 (2133.3 ؎ 478.0) in ؎, ؉, ؉؉, and ؉؉؉ smears, respectively. In addition, this preparation method provided high similarity to the microscopic appearance of bacilli and background seen in the actual patient sputum, with high feasibility. These results revealed that our new PBAS had high authenticity in the appearance and consistency in each grade, which could make it valuable as a reliable artificial sputum for the training of microscopists.
Surabaya has the most cases of diarrhea in East Java, with the highest detection targets in Gading Health Center (2346 cases) and Mojo Health Center, with diarrhea cases handled by 1322 cases. This study aimed to describe hygiene and environmental sanitation in under-five diarrhea patients in the working area of Surabaya Health Center. This study used a survey method, descriptive approach, interviews, and questionnaires in October 2019-March 2020. The results showed 62,2% of under-fives ‘drinking water sources were ineligible, 86,5% of mothers’ handwashing behavior were ineligible, 67,6% of the use of serving hoods were ineligible, 100% of food ripeness level were eligible, 59,5% of the distance between well and septic tank were eligible, 100% of latrines were eligible, 89,2% of sewerages were ineligible, and 83,8% of waste disposal facilities were ineligible. This research concluded that drinking water sources, handwashing behavior, serving hoods, sewerages, and waste disposal facilities were ineligible. The problems can be solved by consuming branded gallons of water / well water or refillable water that is boiled before consumption, improving how to wash hands with soap and running water, covering food using a serving hood, use the cover to close the sewerage, and throwing the trash into the temporary shelter (TPS) as much as two times a week or less than 3x24 hours.
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