Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most important causes of mortality.
Healthy diets can decrease CVDs and other chronic diseases especially in patients with type 2
diabetes. In this study, we investigate association between adherence to the modified Nordic diet
and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 339 type 2 diabetic patients.
Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and biochemical tests were evaluated. A validated and
reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake.
Nordic diet scores were calculated based on median intakes of six food groups.
Results: Body mass index (BMI) was higher among participants who were in the lowest
tertile of adherence to the Nordic diet (P=0.006). There was a significant association between
socioeconomic status (SES) and adherence to the Nordic diet (P<0.0001). Participants who
were in the top category of adherence to the diet had significantly lower levels of aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) (P<0.0001). There was a significant inverse association between
adherence to the Nordic diet and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (odds ratio [OR]=0.29 95%
CI: 0.09, 0.91, P=0.025), high systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels (OR=0.35 95% CI=0.17-0.74,
P=0.015), and risk of obesity (OR=0.25 95% CI: 0.10, 0.63, P=0.03).
Conclusion: Results suggest that adherence to the Nordic diet is associated with reductions in the
prevalence of obesity, LDL levels and blood pressure among type 2 diabetic patients. However,
additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Present meta‐analysis investigates the effects of phytosterols and phytostanol (PS) supplementation on anthropometric indices, using data from randomized controlled trials. We performed a systematic search in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochran, and Web of Science. Weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were presented. Overall, 79 randomized controlled trials investigated the effects of PS on anthropometric indices. Meta‐analysis results did not reveal any significant effect of PS supplementation on weight (66 trials‐WMD: −0.083 kg; CI [−0.233, 0.066]; I2 = 42.5%), percentage fat mass (6 trials‐WMD: −0.090%; CI [−0.789, 0.610]; I2 = 0.0%), and waist circumference (WC; 5 trials‐WMD: −0.039 cm; CI [−0.452, 0.374]; I2 = 0.0%). However, body mass index (BMI) significantly decreased after PS supplementation (39 trials‐WMD: −0.063 kg/m2, p = 0.024, I2 = 25.1%). Subgroup analyses showed that PS supplementation in subjects with baseline BMI ≥25 and hyperlipidemic significantly decreased body weight and BMI. The overall results showed that although PS supplementation did not affect anthropometric indices (except BMI), baseline status regarding BMI and hyperlipidemia and also dose and duration could be contributing factors for favorable effects.
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