The presentation of non-covalent interactions in protein X-ray crystal structures needs to routinely include their atomic precision, as detailed here; a user knowledge base for these precisions with examples is also offered. Cases are also indicated where the need for such a description of precision is a natural extension, such as those involving metalloproteins and the protonation states of ionisable amino acids. This study is also relevant to protein three-dimensional structure molecular-graphics software.
Various types of sequences in the human genome are known to play important roles in different aspects of genomic functioning. Among these sequences, palindromic nucleic acid sequences are one such type that have been studied in detail and found to influence a wide variety of genomic characteristics. For a nucleotide sequence to be considered as a palindrome, its complementary strand must read the same in the opposite direction. For example, both the strands i.e the strand going from 5' to 3' and its complementary strand from 3' to 5' must be complementary. A typical nucleotide palindromic sequence would be TATA (5' to 3') and its complimentary sequence from 3' to 5' would be ATAT. Thus, a new method has been developed using dynamic programming to fetch the palindromic nucleic acid sequences. The new method uses less memory and thereby it increases the overall speed and efficiency. The proposed method has been tested using the bacterial (3891 KB bases) and human chromosomal sequences (Chr-18: 74366 kb and Chr-Y: 25554 kb) and the computation time for finding the palindromic sequences is in milli seconds.
The function of a protein molecule is greatly influenced by its three-dimensional (3D) structure and therefore structure prediction will help identify its biological function. We have updated Sequence, Motif and Structure (SMS), the database of structurally rigid peptide fragments, by combining amino acid sequences and the corresponding 3D atomic coordinates of non-redundant (25%) and redundant (90%) protein chains available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). SMS 2.0 provides information pertaining to the peptide fragments of length 5-14 residues. The entire dataset is divided into three categories, namely, same sequence motifs having similar, intermediate or dissimilar 3D structures. Further, options are provided to facilitate structural superposition using the program structural alignment of multiple proteins (STAMP) and the popular JAVA plug-in (Jmol) is deployed for visualization. In addition, functionalities are provided to search for the occurrences of the sequence motifs in other structural and sequence databases like PDB, Genome Database (GDB), Protein Information Resource (PIR) and Swiss-Prot. The updated database along with the search engine is available over the World Wide Web through the following URL http://cluster.physics.iisc.ernet.in/sms/.
Repeats are two or more contiguous segments of amino acid residues that are believed to have arisen as a result of intragenic duplication, recombination and mutation events. These repeats can be utilized for protein structure prediction and can provide insights into the protein evolution and phylogenetic relationship. Therefore, to aid structural biologists and phylogeneticists in their research, a computing resource (a web server and a database), Repeats in Protein Sequences (RPS), has been created. Using RPS, users can obtain useful information regarding identical, similar and distant repeats (of varying lengths) in protein sequences. In addition, users can check the frequency of occurrence of the repeats in sequence databases such as the Genome Database, PIR and SWISS‐PROT and among the protein sequences available in the Protein Data Bank archive. Furthermore, users can view the three‐dimensional structure of the repeats using the Java visualization plug‐in Jmol. The proposed computing resource can be accessed over the World Wide Web at http://bioserver1.physics.iisc.ernet.in/rps/.
The paper describes a simple, cheap, portable and reliable instrument for the collection of data on the number of li~htnin~ flashes of all types per unit time over unit area of the earth's surface.
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