Current QoL questionnaires do not sufficiently cover all relevant aspects of QoL, but might be complemented by breast cancer specific aspects such as body image and fear.
Clinical observations indicate that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women experience more postoperative problems than do HIV-negative women. To obtain a better estimate of the individual risk of postoperative morbidity among HIV-infected women, and to determine which procedures pose the greatest risk, we performed a retrospective case-control study in which we assessed the outcomes after 235 obstetric and gynecologic surgical procedures. For purposes of comparison, an HIV-negative control patient was matched for each of the 235 surgical procedures performed, on the basis of the type of procedure and patient age. We found a significantly greater number of postoperative complications among the HIV-positive women. Higher complication rates occurred after abdominal surgery (odds ratio [OR], 3.6; P=.001) and curettage (OR, 7.7; P=.06). Among HIV-infected women, the risk of complications was associated with immune status. Antiretroviral therapy and standard perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis did not decrease the risk of complications. Indications for performing abdominal surgery and curettage on HIV-infected women should be carefully weighed against the potential risk of postoperative complications.
During an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program 122 inseminated eggs showing polar body extrusion, but neither formation of pronuclei nor cell cleavage were analysed cytogenetically. Nine of these eggs showed prematurely condensed sperm chromosomes of the G1-phase (G1-PCC) besides the haploid set of maternal metaphase II chromosomes. This phenomenon can be explained by the permanent arrest of the oocytes at metaphase II after sperm penetration and hence the continuing presence of cytoplasmic chromosome condensing factors which lead to the induction of PCC in the sperm nucleus. The overall frequency of this aberrant type of fertilization was calculated to be in the order of 3-4% of all in vitro fertilized eggs.
An economic model is developed to determine optimal nitrogen fertilization policies for seeded grasses in semiarid regions where nitrogen carry-over is significant. The problem is cast in the framework of stochastic dynamic programming and an application of the model is made at two sites in the Nothern Great Plains. A new statistical method was used to estimate carry-over nitrogen and the forage yield-response function simultaneously. Nitrogen carry-over was estimated implicitly through yield response without direct measurements of nitrogen.There is considerable evidence that grasses growing in semiarid regions generally respond to nitrogen fertilizer and that nitrogen carryover from year to year can be an important source of nitrogen in subsequent growing seasons (Black;Power 1967Power , 1968Thomas and Osenbrug). Determination of optimal fertilization policies is considerably complicated by nitrogen carry-over. The decision problem is dynamic and is further complicated if carryover is stochastic. Stochastic carry-over is quite plausible when the relationships between seasonal precipitation, forage yield, and nitrogen recovery by the grass crop are considered (Stauber and Burt). The determination of optimal fertilization policies for dryland grasses must be cast in a dynamic stochastic framework. The Decision ModelEconomic analysis of nitrogen fertilization when carry-over is significant and stochastic involves a determination of the sequence of decisions regarding the application of nitrogen fertilizer which will maximize expected present value of net returns. The basic approach M. S. Stauber is an associate professor and Oscar R. Burt is a professor of agricultural economics and economics at Montana State University. Fred Linse is an agricultural economist with the Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series 593.is to find a decision rule which specifies the amount of nitrogen to apply in a particular year, given the amount of plant-available nitrogen carried over from previous years. Formally, the decision rule is a functional relationship between the amount of fertilizer applied and the estimated amount of plantavailable nitrogen in the soil at the appropriate time for application of fertilizer. The problem can be viewed as that of maintaining an optimal inventory of plant-available nitrogen in the soil under conditions of stochastic demand arising from random precipitation. Economic considerations must include costs other than the purchase cost of fertilizer. An important trade-off exists between interest and spreading costs; infrequent applications in large amounts save spreading costs but increase interest costs through a larger average investment. Then on the revenue side is the usual consideration of crop response to total plant-available nitrogen, the sum of carry-over nitrogen and that applied currently as fertilizer.An expected value criterion applied to discounted net returns over a long planning horizon automatically weighs all of ...
In 43 imprisoned women in Berlin, the authors investigated the situation in which imprisoned women find themselves when they are pregnant, with particular reference to pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. A control group of 172 women was examined parallel to this study. It was evident that the imprisoned women had significantly more complications with regard to the course of their pregnancy and delivery, including the condition of the newborn. An analysis of the individual data yielded, for the majority of the women, a worsening of their primarily poor social and mental condition, i.e. an aggravation caused by the imprisonment. It was the aim of this study to formulate, first of all, appropriate suggestions for lowering infantile and maternal morbidity in this risk group. One of the factors examined in this connection was a possible overall change in law enforcement (imprisonment) practice (for example, suspension of imprisonment according to paragraph 455/455a, 3 of the Federal German Code of Criminal Procedure, 1981, or rescission of imprisonment). Secondly, the authors recommend more intensive care during pregnancy and delivery, taking into account the experiences collected and presented in this article.
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