Transference and the formation of a therapeutic alliance were studied in 126 patients from the Berlin psychotherapy project. The working hypothesis was that the internalized mother and father image would have an influence on the therapeutic alliance. The therapist rated the development of the therapeutic alliance at two points in time. When the parents' images and the therapist image were compared by using difference and similarity measures, four mother and four father types could be constructed of which some showed significant differences in the formation of therapeutic alliance. The introduction and the discussion are focused on the question as to what extent the psychoanalytic assumptions of transference can be useful in empirical therapy research for the construction of new variables and the explanation of social interactions between the two partners.

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The purpose of the study was to look the relation of stress, respiration and gender to defense mechanisms. A questionnaire was used to measure Turning against Object, Projection and Reversal and showed a negative relation to stress, measured by a high-speed task at the PC, representing a cognitive task. Defense mechanisms showed also a negative relationship to the respiratory variables, Amplitude per minute and Time in. Steepness and Amplitude per minute showed a greater value for women. Pause at the end of inhalation, Time in and Frequency gave a greater value for men, who also showed more stress. Thus defense mechanisms can obviously help to prevent cognitive stress, with respiration they showed mixed results. Future research should especially pay more attention to the existing gender differences in respiration as well as in defense mechanisms.

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