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Evapotranspiration is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle as it accounts for more than two-thirds of the global precipitation losses. Indeed, the accurate prediction of reference evapotranspiration (ET o) is highly significant for many watershed activities, including agriculture, water management, crop production and several other applications. Therefore, reliable estimation of ET o is a major concern in hydrology. ET o can be estimated using different approaches, including field measurement, empirical formulation and mathematical equations. Most recently, advanced machine learning models have been developed for the estimation of ET o. Among several machine learning models, evolutionary computing (EC) has demonstrated a remarkable progression in the modeling of ET o. The current research is devoted to providing a new milestone in the implementation of the EC algorithm for the modeling of ET o. A comprehensive review is conducted to recognize the feasibility of EC models and their potential in simulating ET o in a wide range of environments. Evaluation and assessment of the models are also presented based on the review. Finally, several possible future research directions are proposed for the investigations of ET o using EC.

Reliable prediction of evaporative losses from reservoirs is an essential component of reservoir management and operation. Conventional models generally used for evaporation prediction have a number of drawbacks as they are based on several assumptions. A novel approach called the co-active neuro-fuzzy inference system (CANFIS) is proposed in this study for the modeling of evaporation from meteorological variables. CANFIS provides a center-weighted set rather than global weight sets for predictor-predictand relationship mapping and thus it can provide a higher prediction accuracy. In the present study, adjustments are made in the back-propagation algorithm of CANFIS for automatic updating of membership rules and further enhancement of its prediction accuracy. The predictive ability of the CANFIS model is validated with three well-established artificial intelligence (AI) models. Different statistical metrics are computed to investigate the prediction efficacy. The results reveal higher accuracy of the CANFIS model in predicting evaporation compared to the other AI models. CANFIS is found to be capable of modeling evaporation from mean temperature and relative humidity only, with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.93, which is much higher than that of the other models. Furthermore, CANFIS improves the prediction accuracy by 9.2-55.4% compared to the other AI models.

Interest in quantum computing has increased significantly. Tensor network theory has become increasingly popular and widely used to simulate strongly entangled correlated systems. Matrix product state (MPS) is a well-designed class of tensor network states that plays an important role in processing quantum information. In this letter, we show that MPS, as a one-dimensional array of tensors, can be used to classify classical and quantum data. We have performed binary classification of the classical machine learning data set Iris encoded in a quantum state. We have also investigated its performance by considering different parameters on the ibmqx4 quantum computer and proved that MPS circuits can be used to attain better accuracy. Furthermore the learning ability of an MPS quantum classifier is tested to classify evapotranspiration (ET[Formula: see text]) for the Patiala meteorological station located in northern Punjab (India), using three years of a historical data set (Agri). We have used different performance metrics of classification to measure its capability. Finally, the results are plotted and the degree of correspondence among values of each sample is shown.

Accurate wind speed (WS) modelling is crucial for optimal utilization of wind energy. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) techniques, generally used for WS modelling are not only less cost-effective but also poor in predicting in shorter time horizon. Novel WS prediction models based on the multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD), random forest (RF) and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) were constructed in this paper better accuracy in WS prediction. Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) was employed to optimize the parameters of the hybridized MEMD model with RF (MEMD-PSO-RF) and KRR (MEMD-PSO-KRR) models. Obtained results were compared to those of the standalone RF and KRR models. The proposed methodology is applied for monthly WS prediction at meteorological stations of Iraq, Baghdad (Station 1 ) and Mosul (Station 2 ) for the period 1977-2013. Results showed higher accuracy of MEMD-PSO-RF model in predicting WS at both stations with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.972 and r = 0.971 during testing phase at Station 1 and Station 2 , respectively. The MEMD-PSO-KRR was found as the second most accurate model followed by Standalone RF and KRR, but all showed a competitive performance to the MEMD-PSO-RF model. The outcomes of this work indicated that the MEMD-PSO-RF model has a remarkable performance in predicting WS and can be considered for practical applications.INDEX TERMS Wind speed prediction, multivariate empirical mode decomposition, random forest, Kernel Ridge Regression, Iraq region.

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